Hydrogen Energy Research

► R1. PROD: Alkaline / AEM / PEM Electrolysis (20)

	1.1. 14 Jan 2025, Nature, Workflow-driven catalytic modulation from single-atom catalysts to Au–alloy clusters on graphene, "We find that M atoms act as “anchors,” enhancing binding to Gr and modulating catalytic efficiency. Notably, /Gr shows improved stability, with segregation tendencies mitigated upon adsorption on Gr. The d-band center () model indicates catalytic potential, correlating an optimal range of eV for HER and OER catalysts."
	1.2. 10 Jan 2025, Nature, Atomic-level Ru-Ir mixing in rutile-type (RuIr)O2 for efficient and durable oxygen evolution catalysis, "Herein, to steer the reaction pathway away from the involvement of lattice oxygen, we integrate OER-active Ir atoms into the RuO2 matrix, which maximizes the synergy between stable Ru and active Ir centers, by leveraging the changeable growth behavior of Ru/Ir atoms on lattice parameter-modulated templates."
	1.3. 06 Jan 2025, ACS, Interfacial Properties of Gold and Cobalt Oxyhydroxide in Plasmon-Mediated Oxygen Evolution Reaction, "Noting overall water-splitting process is slowed due to the high activation energy of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) compared to that of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) counterpart. To improve the OER kinetics and lower the overpotential (η), a variety of electrocatalysts have been explored to boost the interfacial charge transfer and overall OER efficiencies."
	1.4. 04 Jan 2025, ACS, Poly(fluorene)-Based Anion Exchange Membranes for High-Performance and Durable Alkaline Water Electrolyzers: Effect of the Pendent Ammonium Structure, "The design of fluorine atom-free AEMs is critical due to the persistent environmental impact of the fluorinated organic compounds. (3,9) Eliminating fluorinated moieties in AEMs not only mitigates environmental concerns but also may reduce the risk of electrocatalyst poisoning, thereby enhancing the longevity of the electrolyzers"
	1.5. 01 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Dynamic mass and energy balance model of a 50 kW proton exchange membrane electrolyzer system, "Here we focus on commercial-size PEM electrolyzer plant modeling, including the stack and essential peripheral unit operations. So far, the literature has focused on characterizing the electrochemical and thermal behavior at the cell/stack level."
	1.6. 30 Dec 2024, ACS, Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Borophene: Puckering Mechanism and the Role of Coordination Number, "Here we investigate the influence of the coordination number of the adsorption site on ΔGH and the adsorption mechanism of a hydrogen atom on borophene. The adsorption of a hydrogen atom has been noted to induce the puckering of adsorption sites on graphene and silicene."
	1.7. 28 Dec 2024, ScienceDirect, Selective growth of graphdiyne-based vanadium–iridium oxide interfaces for efficient alkaline oxygen evolution reaction, "We report the selective growth of GDY–VIrOx interfaces by controlling the growth of VIrOx on the surface of GDY for efficient OER & results showed that the well-defined heterointerface between GDY & VIrOx effectively enhanced the charge-transfer ability..."
	1.8. 27 Dec 2024, ScienceDirect, Cutting-edge advances in pressurized electrocatalytic reactors, "Generation of high-pressure H2 can follow three pathways: (i) WE occurs under ambient conditions, followed by mechanical compression to produce H2 at the target pressure; (ii) compressed feed water is electrolyzed in the HP electrolytic cell, making the subsequent mechanical compression of H2 easier..."
	1.9. 20 Dec 2024, ACS, Single-Atom to Ultrasmall Au Nanoparticles Anchored on NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide as Catalyst for Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions, "Herein, we demonstrate the variation of Au species from single-atom to ultrasmall nanoparticles (3–6 nm) anchored on NiFe-LDH catalyst supports to achieve the optimum Au size and loading for overall water splitting."
	1.10. 16 Dec 2024, ACS, Chiral Metal Coating to Enhance Water Electrolysis, "This study presents a simple method for coating Ni-based electrodes with a chiral Ni–Au film, using electroplating, thus enhancing its efficiency dramatically. We introduce chirality to the electroplating layer by incorporating an enantiopure chiral reagent into the electroplating solution."
	1.11. 13 Dec 2024, ScienceDiirect, Surface compositional modification of Weyl semimetal Co3Sn2S2 from vacuum to electrochemical water splitting conditions, "We investigate the surface compositional evolution of the topological Weyl semimetal Co3Sn2S2, proposed to be an active catalyst for water splitting, from ultra high vacuum to catalytic reaction conditions, using synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy."
	1.12. 10 Dec 2024, ScienceDiirect, Alkaline electrolysis for green hydrogen production: A novel, simple model for thermo-electrochemical coupled system analysis, "We aim to address this research gap by proposing a novel, simplified, semi-empirical alkaline water electrolysis cell model, designed to be easily extendable to assess thermo-electrochemical coupling effects."
	1.13. 08 Dec 2024, ACS, The Impact of Metal–Support Interaction on the Structure and Activity of Carbon-Supported Ni Nanoparticle Catalysts for Alkaline H2 Oxidation Reaction, "We investigate the support effect of carbon-supported Ni catalysts employing Ketjenblack EC600JD & Vulcan XC-72R as carbon supports. Note that although these carbons are commonly used as supports of fuel cell catalysts..."
	1.14. 06 Dec 2024, ScienceDiirect, Modelling the chronopotentiometric response of constant current HER from dilute solutions of strong acids, "We demonstrate that it is possible to construct, also solely based on Reaction, a model that describes transient potential response of constant current HER, as it occurs on planar electrodes immersed into quiescent (convection-free) dilute solutions of strong acids."
	1.15. 03 Dec 2024, Nature, Low-valence platinum single atoms in sulfur-containing covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, "Here we present the development of a catalyst designated as PtSA@S-TFPT, tailored for the photocatalytic HER, showcasing both high catalytic efficiency and remarkable stability, achieved through the incorporation of low-valence platinum."
	1.16. 02 Dec 2024, ScienceDiirect, Interface between anode porous transport layer and catalyst layer: a key to efficient, stable and competitive proton exchange membrane water electrolysis, "This review examines advancements in the design of the anode porous transport layer (PTL) and catalyst layer (CL) interface in proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE)."
	1.17. 30 Nov 2024, ACS, Corrosion-Engineered Room-Temperature Deposition of NiMoO4/NiS/Ni(OH)2 at Nickel Foam: An Efficient Strategy and Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction, "The objective of this study was to develop a room-temperature methodology for the production of nickel-based electrocatalysts using NF as a source of the Ni2+ ions in the presence of thiomolybdate."
	1.18. 25 Nov 2024, Nature, Tailoring high-performance bipolar membrane for durable pure water electrolysis, "Here we tailor flexible bipolar membranes (10 ∼ 40 µm) comprising anion and cation exchange layers with an identical poly(terphenyl alkylene) polymeric skeleton. Rapid mass transfer properties and high compatibility of the monopolar membrane layers endow the bipolar membrane..."
	1.19. 25 Nov 2024, Nature, Topological semimetals with intrinsic chirality as spin-controlling electrocatalysts for the OER, "Here we report a family of topological semimetals with intrinsic chirality capable of highly efficient water splitting. The rationally designed Rh-based topological single crystals exhibit three key components in one electrode: chirality, large SOC & good conductivity"
	1.20. 17 Nov 2024, ScienceDirect, Pitfall on the interpretation of double layer capacitance increase after accelerated stress test of hydrogen evolution reaction on NiMo catalysts, "Here, knowing the fact that Mo leaches from NiMo, we select this catalyst as a case study to investigate the possible influence of dissolved/leached Mo ions on the measured Cdl through a simple set of electrochemical experiments."

► R2. PROD: Bio / Pyrolysis / Radiolysis / Solar (20)

	2.1. 17 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, The role of solar thermal hydrogen production technologies in future energy solutions: A review, "This review provides a comprehensive overview of solar thermal pathways for hydrogen energy production, focusing on the current state of research, technological advancements, and future prospects."
	2.2. 15 Jan 2025, ACS, Morphology-Dependent ZnO/MoS2 Heterostructures for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting, "We report the synthesis of pristine ZnO nanosheet (ZNS), nanorod (ZNR), and nanotube (ZNT) thin films using electrodeposition. Then, a few layered MoS2 nanosheets were deposited on morphology-dependent ZnO thin films using RF magnetron sputtering to form ZnO/MoS2 heterostructures for PEC water splitting."
	2.3. 14 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, The catalytic effect of Ni in methane pyrolysis using molten SnNi alloys for hydrogen production, "This work investigates methane pyrolysis in a liquid-metal bubble column reactor and focuses on the efficiency of Sn and four different molten SnNi alloys. A kinetic model approximating these conditions was developed to investigate the effect of Ni."
	2.4. 12 Jan 2025, ACS, Viologen-Radical-Driven Hydrogen Evolution from Water Catalyzed by Co-NHC Catalysts: Radical Scavenging by Nitrate and Volmer-Heyrovsky-like CPET Pathway, "The factors controlling the catalytic activity in photochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are studied in detail for two macrocyclic cobalt compounds bearing two N-heterocyclic carbenes and two pyridyl donors (Co-NHC1 and Co-NHC2, where Co-NHC2 has a methoxy substituent on each pyridyl ligand)."
	2.5. 10 Jan 2025, ACS Thermodynamic Comparison between Conventional, Autothermal, and Sorption-Enhanced Bio-oil Steam Reforming, "This study presents a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis comparing three bio-oil steam reforming processes: traditional steam reforming, autothermal reforming, and sorption-enhanced steam reforming."
	2.6. 07 Jan 2025, Nature Water and seawater splitting with MgB2 plasmonic metal-based photocatalyst, "Here we report the room temperature water and seawater splitting on magnesium diboride (MgB2) nanostructures using VIS and near-IR light. We show that inexpensive MgB2 nanostructures provide efficient plasmonic water splitting and could be a viable alternative to noble metal nanoplasmonics."
	2.7. 02 Jan 2025, RSC, In situ hydrogen production in all-level-humidity air: integrating atmospheric water harvesting with photocatalysis, "Here a nanofibrillated cellulose composite gel, NFC@LiCl-SrTiO3:Al (referred to as NLS), using a solution displacement method combined with freeze-drying, for H2 production from air across varying humidity levels."
	2.8. 02 Jan 2025, Nature, Moisture-based green energy harvesting over 600 hours via photocatalysis-enhanced hydrovoltaic effect, "Here the photocatalytic HER process consumes the pre-stacked ions to restore the ion concentration gradient, allowing the MEG to continuously output current for more than 600 hours, which is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than the great majority of existed MEGs in terms of the current output duration."
	2.9. 31 Dec 2024, ScienceDirect Recent Updates on TiO2-based Materials for Various Photocatalytic Applications in Environmental Remediation & Energy Production, "Here the potential of modified TiO2-based materials as dual-functional photocatalysts for applications in organic pollutant degradation and green H2 production. Implementing this dual functionality in a single system offers several significant benefits."
	2.10. 27 Dec 2024, ACS Vapor-Assisted In Situ Synthesis of the Nb2CTxNS/NbO2F MXene Heterostructure for Enhanced Solar-Driven Photoelectrochemical Performance, "Here structures on the photoelectrochemical properties of Nb2CTxNS/NbO2F were systematically investigated with respect to H2 evolution & observed the photocurrent was enhanced by 1 order of magnitude..."
	2.11. 26 Dec 2024, ACS Facile Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Insights into Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Catalysis, "This study explores the catalytic potential of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) synthesized via a simple chemical bath deposition method for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting."
	2.12. 23 Dec 2024, ACS Realization of a Photoelectrochemical Cascade for the Generation of Methanol: A Liquid Solar Fuel, "Here we experimentally realize a proof-of-concept two-step PEC CO2R cascade with coupled microenvironments, using CO2 conversion to CH3OH as a model system & demonstrate 3TT photocathodes can provide the potentials & currents necessary to convert CO2 to CH3OH."
	2.13. 23 Dec 2024, ScienceDiirect Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)-Based Z-Scheme Photocatalysts: Innovations for Energy and Environmental Applications, "The review begins with an elaborate discussion on the principle of the ZSHS, mechanism of its photocatalytic activity, followed by illustrious examples of novel synthetic methods of such exotic materials based on gCN."
	2.14. 21 Dec 2024, ScienceDiirect Tuning initial pH to decrease salt ion transport in saltwater electrolysis, "In this study, we examined the impact of initial electrolyte pH on the percent of charge carried by H+ or OH−, Na+, and NO3− during electrolysis by applying a model represented by a stationary Nernst-Planck equation coupled with charge balance."
	2.15. 14 Dec 2024, ScienceDiirect Advanced strategies for enzyme–electrode interfacing in bioelectrocatalytic systems, "Here we provide comprehensive guidelines for designing and constructing enzyme–electrode systems, focusing on ET mechanism types. We highlight recent trends in protein engineering (see Glossary)-based enzyme immobilization technologies specifically aimed at enzyme–electrode wiring."
	2.16. 13 Dec 2024, Nature Parahydrogen-enhanced magnetic resonance identification of intermediates in [Fe]-hydrogenase catalysis, "We show the observation of so-far undetectable intermediates of [Fe]-hydrogenase in its catalytic cycle & observed these intermediates by applying a signal-enhancing NMR technique based on parahydrogen. H2 occurs as orthohydrogen or parahydrogen depending on nuclear spin state."
	2.17. 06 Dec 2024, ACS Light-Driven Hybrid Nanoreactor Harnessing the Synergy of Carboxysomes and Organic Frameworks for Efficient Hydrogen Production, "Here, we report the bottom-up construction of a visible-light-driven chemical–biological hybrid nanoreactor with augmented photocatalytic efficiency by anchoring an α-carboxysome shell encasing [FeFe]-hydrogenases (H–S)."
	2.18. 04 Dec 2024, MDPI Enhanced Photocatalytic HER by TiO2: A Synergistic Approach with Defect-Rich SnS2 and Ti3C2 MXene Cocatalysts, "We demonstrate the potential of combining defect-rich SnS2 and Ti3C2 MXene to develop highly efficient and sustainable photocatalysts for H2 production. TiO2 has been in situ grown on highly conductive Ti3C2 MXene, and SnS2, rich in molybdenum vacancies..."
	2.19. 03 Dec 2024, Nature Low-valence platinum single atoms in sulfur-containing covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic HER, "We focuse on optimizing catalytic activity in photocatalytic HER by precisely designing & modulating the electronic structure of metal single atoms. The catalyst, denoted as PtSA@S-TFPT, integrates low-valence platinum single atoms into sulfur-containing covalent organic frameworks."
	2.20. 02 Dec 2024, PHYS.ORG Artificial photosynthesis learned from nature: New solar hydrogen production technology developed, "Here, the research team used the good nanosurface adsorption properties of tannic acid-based metal-polyphenol polymers to control the self-assembly and optical properties of fluorescent dyes while also identifying the photoexcitation and electron transfer mechanisms."

► R3. PROD: Geologic / Natural Hydrogen (20)

	3.1. 03 Jan 2025, Nature, Review on natural hydrogen wells safety, "The review explores potential solutions like metal coatings, rubber fillers, and cement additives to mitigate these problems. It also emphasizes the need for further research to validate these solutions under real-world conditions. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the safe and efficient extraction of natural hydrogen."
	3.2. 13 Dec 2024, SCIENCE.ORG, Model predictions of global geologic hydrogen resources, "The calculated annual flux of hydrogen from the subsurface to the atmosphere, which is the sum of the nontrapped and leaked hydrogen less the amount consumed by biotic and abiotic processes, was compared to published estimates as a check on our model calculations."
	3.3. 21 Nov 2024, MDPI, Influence of Nb Content on Structure and Functional Properties of Novel Multicomponent Nb–Ni–Ti–Zr–Co Alloy for Hydrogen Separation Membrane Application, "Here we find alloys with 20 and 32 at.% Nb demonstrate high hydrogen permeability (1.05 and 0.96 × 10−8 molH2m−1s−1Pa−0.5, respectively) at 400 °C, making them promising for hydrogen purification membrane application."
	3.4. 08 Nov 2024, FAU, Natural hydrogen – the treasure hidden underground, "The race to find this valuable gas underground is gaining speed and GeoZentrum Nordbayern at FAU is one of the institutions at the forefront of this race. The research project “Natural hydrogen in northern Bavaria” has supplied initial measurements that could revolutionize the energy system of the future."
	3.5. 03 Oct 2024, QUEBEC INNOVATIVE MATERIALS CORP, QIMC Announces Significant Natural H2 Discovery Expansion 11kms to the Northwest & New Land Acquisition bringing total H2 area to over 300 km2, "Recent findings have confirmed QIMC natural renewable H2 model via geology & rock formations in the region & further positions QIMC at the forefront of sustainable H2 energy solutions."
	3.6. 02 Aug 2024, ASX-Gold Hydrogen, ASX - Ramsay Project Stage 2 Exploration Well Testing Update, "Amongst highest Helium purities ever reported at 20% to 25%, extensive regional Hydrogen and Helium play and international first to see initial Helium and Hydrogen concentrations at surface with increasing concentrations of high Helium purities Hydrogen at surface."
	3.7. 15 Jul 2024, GeoScience Australia, Australia's Energy Commodity Resources 2024 - Natural H2, "Australia is one of the most prospective countries for natural H2. This geological resource is not well understood, but there are reports of high concentrations of H2 in gas samples. Interest in natural H2 is increasing & some state jurisdictions have started to amend their petroleum exploration licences for natural H2."
	3.8. 10 Jul 2024, HyTerra Ltd, Nemaha Project: Kansas, USA, prospective for natural H2 & He, "Nemaha’s exploration acreage covers 12,720 acres and is 100% owned and operated by HyTerra. Our leases have historic wells with more than 10 H2 & He occurrences within the region, some up to 92% H2 & 3% He. White H2 potentially has much lower production costs & carbon emissions than man-made H2."
	3.9. 26 Jun 2024, IEAGHG, Gold, Geologic, White, Native, Hidden, Natural H2: Does Earth hold extensive stores of untapped, carbon-free fuel?, "In recent months, there has been a surge of interest among prospectors, who are actively drilling for H2 in various locations around the world, including northeast France, Australia, Spain, Morocco, Brazil and, within the United States, in Nebraska, Arizona, and Kansas."
	3.10. 12 Jun 2024, Gold Hydrogen Ltd, Substantial investment laying the foundation for hydrogen use, "Gold hydrogen is naturally occurring hydrogen that: Accumulates naturally under the ground, generated by geological processes. Can be produced using proven engineering practices with minimal environmental impacts and has a small footprint compared to other exploration activities."
	3.11. 22 May 2024, Nature, A new continental hydrogen play in Damara Belt (Namibia), "Here is evidence of reported H2 emissions from Waterberg Basin, Namibia associated with underlying Neoproterozoic banded iron formations—the Chuos Formation. Magnetite, a known H2-generating mineral & accompanied by other suspected H2-generating minerals in Chuos Formation."
	3.12. 21 May 2024, MIT, H2 underground - 2024 MIT Energy Iniative Spring Symposium, "During MITEI’s Spring Symposium, MIT Assistant Professor Iwnetim Abate (right) said that geologic hydrogen opens up the idea of earth as a “factory to produce clean fuels,” utilizing the subsurface heat and pressure instead of relying on burning fossil fuels or natural gas for the same purpose."
	3.13. 07 May 2024, Geoenergy, Natural hydrogen: sources, systems and exploration plays, "he ‘hydrogen system’ describes the generation, migration and sealing/trapping of hydrogen. There are two parts to the ‘generic hydrogen system’: the ‘source-generation sub-system’ requires an ultramafic protolith, usually in basement, and a supply of water penetrating basement rocks."
	3.14. 03 May 2024, YLE, 'Fuel of the future' deposits found across Finland, "The Geological Survey of Finland has published a map of bedrock H2. According to the map, H2 has been found in groundwater in locations across Finland. The finds indicate natural H2 which is produced in the bedrock by natural processes rather than artificially by electrolysis."
	3.15. 20 Mar 2024, South Australia, 'Petrobras Workshop de Hidrogenio Natural' Natural hydrogen regulation in South Australia: by E.Alexander, Geological Survey of South Australia, Department for Energy and Mining, "SA - Department for Energy & Mining is one of the very few government departments globally that recognises the link between mining & renewable energy."
	3.16. 04 Mar 2024, University of Texas, Producing H2 From Rocks Gains Steam as Scientists Advance New Methods, "The catalysts the team is exploring will stimulate a natural geologic process called “serpentinization.”, here iron-rich rocks release H2 as a byproduct of chemical reactions. Serpentinization usually occurs at high temperatures & with natural catalysts including nickel & other platinum elements."
	3.17. 28 Feb 2024, GEOscientist, Natural hydrogen: the race to discovery and concept demonstration, "Researchers of natural H2 are forging partnerships with a multitude of emerging start-ups / natural H2 companies spearheading testing & development of exploration concepts. Next years likely marked by a surge of activities as groups shift from conceptual stage to field work to planning & drilling."
	3.18. 09 Feb 2024, PHYS.ORG, Largest flow of natural H2 gas ever found measured in Albanian chromium mine, "A team of geologists working with a pair of colleagues from Albania has measured the largest natural flow of H2 ever in an Albanian Cr mine. In their study, reported in the journal Science, the group measured H2 gas bubbling up through liquid pools in the mine."
	3.19. 08 Feb 2024, Science, A deep reservoir for hydrogen drives intense degassing in the Bulqizë ophiolite, "Deep crustal production of hydrogen (H2) is a potential source of primary energy if recoverable accumulations in geological formations are sufficiently large. We report direct measurements of an elevated outgassing rate of 84% (by volume) of H2 from the deep underground Bulqizë chromite mine in Albania."
	3.20. 08 Feb 2024, DOE ARPA-E, U.S. DOE Announces $20 Million to 16 Projects Spearheading Exploration of Geologic H2, "USA project teams will explore the possibility of accelerating the production & extraction of natural H2, transforming our understanding of this critical energy resource while accelerating solutions we need to ncrease our nation’s energy security."

► R4. FUEL CELL: AEMFC / PEM / MCFC / SOFC (20)

	4.1. 15 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Hybrid stochastic-deterministic algorithms for the interpretation of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy spectra of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, "Here three of the most common stochastic algorithms, i.e. Genetic Algorithms (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms and Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithms, are used in combination with a deterministic Nelder-Mead algorithm for the identification of the impedance parameters of PEMFC EEC."
	4.2. 11 Jan 2025, Nature, A quasi affine transformation evolution algorithm with evolution matrix selection operation for parameter estimation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, "This paper presents a new approach that applies QUasi-Affine TRansformation Evolution algorithm with a new adaptation of Evolution Matrix and Selection operation (QUATRE-EMS) to determine optimal values of uncertain parameters in PEMFC stack references."
	4.3. 08 Jan 2025, ACS, Same FeN4 Active Site, Different Activity: How Redox Peaks Control Oxygen Reduction on Fe Macrocycles, "Our study demonstrates the existence of two families of Fe macrocycles for oxygen reduction in alkaline electrolytes: (i) weak OH binding macrocycles with one peak in the voltammogram and high peroxide selectivity and (ii) macrocycles with close to optimal OH binding, which exhibit two voltametric peaks and almost no peroxide production."
	4.4. 01 Jan 2025, ACS, Transient Kinetic QXAFS Approach for Understanding the RDE–MEA Gap in Fuel Cell (Oxygen Reduction Reaction) Performances of Pt-Based Electrocatalysts, "There is a large gap between the performances indicated by rotating disk electrode results in acidic media and the actual performances obtained in membrane-electrode assemblies composed of the same electrocatalysts."
	4.5. 24 Dec 2024, MDPI, Techno-Economic Feasibility of Fuel Cell Vehicle-to-Grid Fast Frequency Control in Non-Interconnected Islands, "We present an innovative approach to fast frequency control in electric grids by leveraging parked fuel cell electric vehicles, especially heavy-duty vehicles such as trucks. Equipped with hydrogen storage tanks & fuel cells, these vehicles can be repurposed as dynamic grid-support assets."
	4.6. 22 Dec 2024, ScienceDiirect, Techno-economic assessment of MW-scale solid oxide electrolysis H2 production plant: Integrating possibilities in Spain, "We aim to estimate the levelized cost of H2 of a MW-scale SOE system and its possible integration in Spain. The heat exchanger network of a SOE system has been optimized by a pinch analysis and the techno-economic feasibility of the system has been assessed."
	4.7. 19 Dec 2024, Nature, Platinum-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction simulated with a quantum computer, "Here we use a novel and more mature hybrid workflow39 that combines the strengths of both quantum and classical computing techniques to model the ORR. Specifically, we explore the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the reductive and dissociative adsorption reaction (O2 → 2O)..."
	4.8. 29 Nov 2024, ScienceDirect, Applications of electrospinning for fuel cell and electrolysis cell applications in hydrogen technologies, "This paper aims to explore the application and research trends of nanofibers developed through electrospinning for eco-friendly hydrogen utilization and production using fuel cell and electrolysis technologies."
	4.9. 16 Nov 2024, ScienceDirect, Low-Loaded Catalyst Layers For Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Dynamic Operation Part 1: Experimental Study, "Here we performed electrochemical characterizations on low-loaded catalyst layers in a differential cell setup. It is firstly done for very low Pt loading (20 µgPt cmgeo− 2), such low loading corresponding to very thin “0D” catalyst layers."
	4.10. 15 Nov 2024, ACS, MOF-199-Based Nitrogen-Doped Bimetal Cathode Catalyst for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, "In this study, MOF-199 (alternatively recognized as HKUST-1, Cu-BTC, or Cu3(BTC)2 (38)) is the foundational metal–organic framework for catalyzing the ORR through a postsynthetic modification approach, & consists of H3BTC as a ligand & copper as the metal center"
	4.11. 14 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Modelling the membrane decomposition induced recoverable performance loss of PEM fuel cells, "Here a physics-based membrane degradation model that effectively captures the decay & recovery of both open circuit voltage & performance by incorporating the release and transport of sulfate & sulfonate, byproducts of membrane degradation, as well as their interactions with catalyst layers."
	4.12. 02 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, An impedance spectroscopy study to unravel the effect of water on proton and oxygen transport in PEM fuel cells, "Here our results reveal the minor variation of the CCL liquid water saturation and the growth of the “dry” CCL oxygen diffusivity with cell current density. Mechanisms behind these effects are discussed."
	4.13. 25 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, Enhancing sulfonated polyethersulfone performance by incorporating TiO2-decorated MWCNTs: A viable solution for high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell, "Here we integrated a novel hybrid nanofiller—fabricated by directly growing TiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes —into a readily available, cost-efficient polyaromatic polymer."
	4.14. 25 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, Design and development of coating for metallic bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC): A review, "Experimental & computational approaches for identifying coatings, the creation of a material-structure-performance database in machine learning represents a promising pathway toward advancement of coating composition & structure through forward design."
	4.15. 10 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, Experimental investigation on the effect of channel geometry on performance heterogeneity in hydrogen PEM fuel cell, "Here, an experimental analysis is carried out to evaluate the effect of the geometrical features of the channels at the air side on local membrane electrode assembly (MEA) performance. Geometrical features are investigated with reference to a high-performance flow."
	4.16. 10 Sep 2024, MDPI, A One-Dimensional Computational Model to Identify Operating Conditions and Cathode Flow Channel Dimensions for a PEM Fuel Cell, "A one-dimensional computational model has been developed that can be used to identify operating conditions for the cathode side of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell such that both the inlet and outlet relative humidity is equal to 100%."
	4.17. 15 Aug 2024, Nature, High vacancy formation energy boosts the stability of structurally ordered PtMg in hydrogen fuel cells, "Herein, we report highly ordered PtMg alloys prepared through the solution phase with varying precursor composition of Pt to Mg; PtMg alloys with 1:1 and 3:1 Pt to Mg precursor mass ratios are herein denoted as PtMg/C-11 and PtMg/C-31, respectively."
	4.18. 08 Aug 2024, ScienceDirect, Standalone electricity supply system with solar hydrogen and fuel cell: Possible to get rid of storage batteries?, "A solar PV-electrolyser-fuel cell system is proposed as a standalone power supply system at a case study site in Niamey, Nigers. System is analysed for operational performance to ensure reliable supply of electricity."
	4.19. 20 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Capabilities of a novel electrochemical cell for operando XAS and SAXS investigations for PEM fuel cells and water electrolysers, "The presented reversible unitised electrochemical cell was used at first as a fuel cell, to investigate time-resolved degradation of the catalyst layer of a MEA undergoing AST by combining electrochemical, morphological, and spectroscopic analyses."
	4.20. 08 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Study on Cold Start of Fuel Cell Stack Combined with Liquid Heating and Fuel Cell Self-starting, "The novelty of the study is that waste heat stored in PCM is introduced to cold start process to reduce energy consumption. To further optimize start speed and ratio of energy consumption, a new cold start method combined with liquid heating and fuel cell self-starting is proposed."

► R5. STORE: Type IV-V / MH / LH2 / LOHC / Geo (20)

	5.1. 17 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Knowledge production in technological innovation system: A comprehensive evaluation using a multi-criteria framework based on patent data—a case study on hydrogen storage, "Here we demonstrate the value of our proposal through a case study on hydrogen storage, comparing patent data since 2000 about three technological solutions: physical, chemical and adsorption technologies."
	5.2. 10 Jan 2025, MDPI Design and Optimal Sizing of a Hydrogen Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) System for Addressing Residential Power Cutoffs, "This paper presents the design, optimal sizing and analysis of two H2Gen architectures, one powered by the grid alone and the other powered by both the grid and a renewable (PV) source."
	5.3. 09 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect HYDRIDE4MOBILITY: An EU project on hydrogen powered forklift using metal hydrides for hydrogen storage and H2 compression, "The high specific weight of the metal hydrides (MH), which is frequently considered as a disadvantage, turns out to be a benefit when used in a hydrogen driven forklift, as it allows to achieve a required counterbalancing of the vehicle at no extra cost."
	5.4. 29 Dec 2024, ScienceDirect Composites in high-pressure hydrogen storage: a review of multiscale characterization and mechanical behavior, "This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the various hydrogen storage technologies, with a particular emphasis on the role of composite materials in high-pressure containment for the automotive sector, particularly Type IV tanks."
	5.5. 25 Dec 2024, ACS Electrocatalytic Production of a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier with Anodic Valorization of the Process: Review and Outlook, "The LOHC concept ensures safe transport and long-term storage of these secondary energy sources. LOHC, mostly hydrocarbons, chemically stores hydrogen to be transported and stored safely at room temperature."
	5.6. 13 Nov 2024, MDPI Novel Sulfamethoxazole Organotin Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, & H2 Storage Application, "We investigate the utilization of sulfamethoxazole as a ligand for the synthesis of novel tin complexes - subsequently evaluated for their potential as H2 storage materials. Methods were applied to test physical, chemical, & morphological characteristics of the produced complexes."
	5.7. 06 Nov 2024, ScienceDirect Hydrogen-induced mineral alteration: A review in the context of underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in saline aquifers, "Optimal storage entails a highly permeable and porous reservoir rock, overlain by an unfractured, impermeable caprock. For efficiency, the reservoir rocks permeability should fall within the range of 2 and 600 mD."
	5.8. 02 Nov 2024, ScienceDirect Lh2 refuelling at HRS: Description of sLH2 concept, modelling approach and results of numerical simulations, "Maintaining LH2 at temps around 20 K restricts options for structural materials suitable for LH2 storage. Aluminium 5083 is the most employed material at cryogenic temps. Aluminium 2219 is used as a vessel material for storing cryogenic liquid fuel in launch vehicles."
	5.9. 17 Oct 2024, MDPI Integration of Wind Energy and Geological Hydrogen Storage in the Bakken Formation, North Dakota: Assessing the Potential of Depleted Reservoirs for Hydrogen Storage, "The study’s key innovation lies in repurposing a region historically associated with oil and gas for sustainable energy storage, thereby addressing the intermittency of wind sources."
	5.10. 14 Oct 2024, MDPI A Comprehensive Literature Review on Hydrogen Tanks: Storage, Safety, and Structural Integrity, "This study explores the potential of hydrogen applications as a clean energy alternative and their role in various sectors, including industry, automotive, aerospace, and marine fields. The review also discusses design technologies, safety measures, material improvements, social impacts..."
	5.11. 05 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect Effect of a gunite lining on the stability of salt caverns in bedded formations for hydrogen storage, "Here, a novel methodology to improve the structural behaviour and durability of bedded salt caverns for hydrogen storage is proposed. The suggested technology consists in applying a gunite lining over the whole cavern surface by means of a pneumatic air blowing."
	5.12. 04 Oct 2024, MDPI Multiphysics Studies of 3D Plate Fin Heat Exchanger Filled with Ortho-Para-Hydrogen Conversion Catalyst for Hydrogen Liquefaction, "A comprehensive 3D Multiphysics model was developed to simulate a plate fin heat exchanger designed for H2 liquefaction, incorporating an ortho-para H2 conversion catalyst in the hot fin channel & encompassed the 3D serrate fin structure."
	5.13. 23 Sep 2024, MDPI Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC): Hydrogenation Thermodynamics of Aromatic Esters, "LOHC systems based on reversible catalytic hydrogenation & dehydrogenation reactions using aromatic compounds have shown great potential for the efficient & stable storage and transport of H2. This work is an extension of our previous study on alkyl benzoates as potential LOHC components."
	5.14. 21 Sep 2024, MDPI Towpreg—An Advanced Composite Material with a Potential for Pressurized Hydrogen Storage Vessels, "This study reviews the novel trends and the latest accomplishments in the science of advanced composite materials intended for energy storage and, more particularly, towpreg materials for high-pressure vessels for fuel storage."
	5.15. 09 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect Closed-form analytical model for the cylinder region of thick-walled composite pressure vessels for hydrogen storage, "Presents a closed-form analytical model that integrates these three features through a superposition of two models. The model's accuracy is evaluated by comparing the results with finite element simulations, showing excellent agreement across the entire stress distribution."
	5.16. 07 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect Assessing PEM fuel cell performance in a geothermal Cogeneration system for peak-time energy storage, "Modeling utilized Engineering Equation Solver software, optimizing the setup via the RSM with three key objective functions: exergy efficiency, hydrogen production, and cost rate. The primary focus was on delivering electricity to residential properties during peak demand periods."
	5.17. 04 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect Hydrogen adsorption kinetics in organic-Rich shale reservoir rocks for seasonal geological storage, "The geo-storage of hydrogen (H2) is essential for advancing a robust and industrial-scale H2-based economy. The efficient H2 storage in a geological formation depends on the presence of a secure and impermeable caprock, such as a shale formation."
	5.18. 29 Aug 2024, MDPI Perspective for the Safe and High-Efficiency Storage of LH2: Thermal Behaviors and Insulation, "As the capacity and efficiency of H2 liquefaction around the world are improving, LH2 becomes the most economical selection, with a transport distance from 4000 km to 8000 km and a transport capacity of LH2 above 0.8 Mt/yr, making LH2 a prospective energy carrier in the large-scale utilization of H2 energy."
	5.19. 27 Aug 2024, ScienceDirect Achieving room temperature hydrogen storage reversibility in Nb-rich alloys of the Nb-Cr-Mn system, "Here we synthesize two alloys, namely Nb85Cr10Mn5 and Nb70Cr20Mn10, both forming predominant BCC solid solutions with VEC 5.2 and minor amounts of a eutectic microconstituent composed of BCC and Laves C14 phases. Both alloys are easily hydrogenated at room temp."
	5.20. 24 Aug 2024, ACS The Coupling of Synthesis and Electrochemistry to Enable the Reversible Storage of Hydrogen as Metal Hydrides, "Metal hydrides are promising candidates for chemical storage because of their high gravimetric capacity and tunability through nanostructuring and alloying. Moreover, metal hydride/H2 interconversion may be interfaced with electrochemistry."

► R6. APP: Automotive / Rail Industry (20)

	6.1. 02 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Full emissions and energy consumption life cycle assessment of different Heavy-Duty vehicles powered by Electricity, H2, CH30H, and LNG fuels produced from various sources, "We provide a detailed Well to Wheels Life Cycle Assessment of various Heavy-duty Vehicles including a Long-Haul Truck, Intercity Bus, & Refuse Truck powered by different energy sources & fuels."
	6.2. 25 Dec 2024, ScienceDirect, Parameters affecting the reliability of sampling during the assessment of the purity of H2 used as a vehicle fuel, "We present information gathered in the project MetHyTrucks starting with the current and future operational parameters that are/will be used for the refuelling of trucks at HD H2 refuelling stations and then focussing on the parameters affecting the reliability of the sampling."
	6.3. 24 Dec 2024, GCK Mobility, GCK Mobility integrates innovative technologies to decarbonise transport, "Hybrid electric-hydrogen retrofitting involves replacing a vehicle’s internal combustion engine with an electric motor powered by a battery, which in turn is powered by a hydrogen-powered fuel cell. The hydrogen provides the energy needed for greater range, while the medium-capacity battery combines power and performance. The capacity of the hydrogen tank determines the range of the whole vehicle."
	6.4. 08 Dec 2024, MDPI, Simulation and Quantitative Assessment of Sensor Placement in a Hydrogen Bus for Risk Mitigation, "Hydrogen buses require space for luggage under the passenger cabin, and hydrogen tanks cannot be installed on the top of the buses due to their height limit. So, in the current layout, we placed the tanks inside the luggage cabin, surrounded by baffles."
	6.5. 21 Nov 2024, ScienceDirect, Exploring the dynamics of the transport system energy consumption in Australia − A preliminary systems modelling effort, "This study calls for more in-depth research about this problem to support policymakers with a decision-support tool to assist scenario analysis and intervention design over time toward achieving sustainable development goals within Australia’s transport system."
	6.6. 19 Nov 2024, MDPI, Explosions of Hydrogen Storages and the Safety Considerations in Hydrogen-Powered Railway Applications—A Review, "This paper systematically reviews hydrogen explosions in storage tanks operating under high pressure and low temperature, transportation processes, and usage scenarios. It covers the fundamental principles and classifications of hydrogen explosions, as well as analysis methods, including experimental testing and numerical simulations."
	6.7. 31 Oct 2024, Hyundai, Hyundai Motor Reveals Bold and Efficient Hydrogen FCEV Concept Previewing New Design Language, "Hyundai unveils its INITIUM H2 FCEV, reinforcing its clear commitment to H2 mobility and sustainability. The concept showcases the company’s new design language ‘Art of Steel’ and reflects the Hyundai Motor’s customer-centric approach"
	6.8. 26 Sep 2024, CRRC, CRRC Launches Two Innovative Green Intelligent Trains at InnoTrans 2024, "CRRC Corporation Limited unveiled two groundbreaking products at InnoTrans 2024 in Berlin, Germany: the CINOVA H2 New Energy Intelligent Intercity Train and the Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 2.0, showcasing its commitment to pioneering eco-friendly and smart transportation solutions."
	6.9. 17 Aug 2024, ACS, Economic Case for Replacing High-Emitting Peaker Plants with Fuel Cells for Automotive Applications, "This study evaluates the techno-economics, operation, and environmental justice impacts of siting a peaker plant based on fuel cells for automotive applications through the lens of the existing Intermountain Power Plant, in order to supply peak power to the Los Angeles basin."
	6.10. 09 Aug 2024, IEEE, Development of a Cost Minimization Oriented Optimization Algorithm for Green Hydrogen Production in a Multi-Energy System Considering EVs and FCEVs Availability, "The proposed multi-energy system (MES) consists of green hydrogen production, a hydrogen refueling station for FCEVs, hydrogen injection into natural gas (NG), and a charging station for PEVs."
	6.11. 27 Jun 2024, HDrive International, Pure Hydrogen expands sales pipeline with supply of hydrogen-powered waste collection vehicle to the City of Newcastle, "The waste collection vehicle will be supplied by Pure Hydrogen subsidiary HDrive International. This lease with Pure Hydrogen marks the company’s fifth order for HFC waste collection vehicles in Australia, alongside advanced trials for a hydrogen-powered prime mover."
	6.12. 20 Jun 2024, H2X, Modular and Scalable Technology: Revolutionising Hydrogen Mobility, "H2X Global pioneers the world’s sole H2-powered 4×4 vehicles, showcasing a blend of innovation & sustainability. Our lineup includes retrofitted H2-powered trucks, ingeniously converted from internal combustion engines & newly developed FCEV platform vehicles."
	6.13. 18 Jun 2024, Nature, Declining costs imply fast market uptake of zero-emission trucks, "We derive future cost developments for price-setting components of zero-emission trucks, centred on batteries & fuel cells, by meta-forecasting from more than 200 sources. Different cost expectations related to the literature sources, from near-market to scientific, were analysed and discussed with respect to consistency and level of ambition."
	6.14. 10 May 2024, ScienceDirect, Performance, emissions and economic analyses of H2 FCEV, "This study critically analyses the recent works related to hydrogen fuel cell integration into vehicles, modelling & experimental investigations of H2 FCEV with various powertrains. This study also reviews & analyses the performance, energy management strategies, lifecycle cost and emissions of FCEV."
	6.15. 04 May 2024, Nature, Effect of hydrogen embrittlement on mechanical characteristics of DLC-coating for hydrogen valves of FCEVs, "In FCEVs the H2 valve requires particularly high durability due to being the component that operates frequently during FCEV operation. The plunger, part of the H2 valve is made of steel that is worn by friction with the core due to the reciprocating motion."
	6.16. 15 Apr 2024, IEC, Safety and certification - All aboard the hydrogen train, "EU Regulators in 22 countries plus Norway signed an agreement known as the “important projects of common European interest” in the H2 sector known as the IPCEI Hy2Tech programme. Over the course of 2022, some 50 projects were granted over EUR 10 billion in public funding, which was expected to generate an additional EUR 15 billion in private investments."
	6.17. 25 Mar 2024, Stadler, STADLER’S H2-POWERED TRAIN FLIRT H2 ACHIEVES A NEW GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS TITLE, "The FLIRT H2 has been entered into Guinness World Records database for the longest distance of 2,803km achieved by a pilot H2 fuel cell electric multiple unit passenger train without refueling or recharging. This achievement underlines Stadler's innovative strength & technological leadership in sustainable rail transport."
	6.18. 22 Mar 2024, CRRC, China's first homegrown hydrogen-powered urban train completes test, "This urban train has a built-in H2 power system with maximum cruising range over 1,000 km. Test data also shows that the average energy consumption of the train is 5 kWh per km, which is on par with world leading levels."
	6.19. 14 Mar 2024, BMW, The BMW iX5 Hydrogen proves its suitability for everyday use even at high temperatures, "The iX5 Hydrogen concept vehicle refuels at designated hydrogen fueling stations. It is an easy and simple process, similar to refueling at a typical gas station. The BMW iX5 can be refilled with gaseous hydrogen in approximately 3-4 minutes, much faster than a battery-powered electric vehicle."
	6.20. 01 Mar 2024, Toyota, Introducing the 2024 Mirai: new technology features for Toyota’s flagship fuel cell electric sedan, "New enhancements reinforce the 2nd generation Mirai’s status as lagship model for Toyota’s multi-path technology strategy for reducing and ultimately eliminating carbon emissions. The H2 FCEV fuel cell provides smooth, powerful and near silent performance, with no exhaust emissions other than pure water."

► R7. APP: Aviation / UAS Industry (20)

	7.1. 03 Dec 2024, FAA, Hydrogen-Fueled Aircraft Safety and Certification Roadmap "At the forefront of our efforts is aviation safety. We have developed this roadmap to outline the current knowledge, key research priorities, and collaborative efforts essential to enabling the safe use of hydrogen in civil aviation aircraft. This roadmap was developed in collaboration with several FAA offices."
	7.2. 13 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Hydrogen propulsion systems for aircraft, a review on recent advances and ongoing challenges "H2 as a fuel for the aircraft propulsion systems is considered and a comprehensive overview of the H2 propulsion systems in aviation is presented with an emphasis on the technical aspects crucial for creating a more sustainable and efficient air transportation sector."
	7.3. 12 Sep 2024, ZeroAvia, ZeroAvia Completes $150m Series C Financing "ZeroAvia has extensively flight tested a prototype of its first ZA600-engine aboard a Dornier 228 aircraft at its UK base and the application for certification is underway with the CAA & also performed advanced ground tests in the US and UK for the key building block technologies for the ZA2000 system, including cryogenic tanks for LH2."
	7.4. 20 Aug 2024, ScienceDirect, Investigation on the heat transfer estimation of subcooled liquid hydrogen for transportation applications using intelligent technique, "Hydrogen as a green energy carrier has become the center of attention in the recent years. The main reason behind this recent hype around hydrogen is the Net-zero programs in different countries around the world to curb CO2 emissions,"
	7.5. 11 Jul 2024, Joby Aviation, Joby demonstrates potential for emissions-free regional journeys with landmark 523-mile (841 km) hydrogen-electric flight, "Landmark 523 mile flight, with water as the only by-product; Flight demonstrates potential for emissions-free regional travel; Hydrogen-electric program supported through Joby’s partnership with the U.S. Air Force’s Agility Prime program."
	7.6. 27 Jun 2024, Auora Aviation, Fuel Cell Powers SKIRON-XLE sUAS for Long Range Reconnaissance, "Aurora uses a customized version of UGCS-Defense, which meets international STANAG 4586 standards as well the US Army’s Interoperability standards, Modular Open Systems Approach to software and hardware interoperability, plus Trillium payloads & fuel cell from Intelligent Energy."
	7.7. 19 Jun 2024, AMSL Aero, HOW THE MISSION FOR NEXT GENERATION OF eVTOL AIRCRAFT IS EVOLVING, "Sydney-based company AMSL Aero recently secured federal government funding to develop an autonomous VTOL firefighting aircraft: eight-motor, lightweight, box-wing design, with a hydrogen-electric powertrain capable of delivering up to 540nm of range at speeds of up to 160kt."
	7.8. 23 May 2024, Airbus, Airbus takes superconductivity research for hydrogen-powered aircraft a step further, "Cryoprop will confirm the potential of superconducting technologies for future aircraft, assessing all aspects related to safety, industrialisation, maintenance & operations, and give Airbus opportunity to develop high-level, in-house expertise & foster a new ecosystem to accelerate the introduction of new products."
	7.9. 16 May 2024, Airbus, Innovative aviation liquid hydrogen project launched, "The Ground Operations of LIquid hydrogen AircrafT project* will receive funding of €10.8 million from the EU’s Horizon Europe Framework Programme via the European Climate, Infrastructure & Environment Executive Agency. In four years project will show high-flow LH2 handling & refuelling technologies can be developed & used safely & reliably for airport operations."
	7.10. 15 Apr 2024, ScienceDirect, Optimal design of proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems for regional aircraft, "The results show that it is beneficial to optimize these performance criteria simultaneously in a pareto optimization problem. The aircraft’s electrical power demand of 3.12 MW is provided by ten identical 312 kW fuel cell systems that are distributed along the wing."
	7.11. 18 Mar 2024, ScienceDirect, Optimal design of a hydrogen-powered fuel cell system for aircraft applications, "The aim of this work is to evaluate the applicability of this technology to an existing regional aircraft in order to assess its electrification, with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving sustainability goals."
	7.12. 18 Mar 2024, Airbus, HIA Milestone Delivery Report lists critical next steps for UK to be leader in global hydrogen aviation race, "The Hydrogen in Aviation alliance is calling for a comprehensive industrial strategy for aviation to ensure the UK is a global leader in the development of hydrogen aviation."
	7.13. 01 Mar 2024, Plug Power, High Specific Energy Means More Time in the Air for a Fuel Cell UAV, "Hydrogen fuel cells for aerospace provide high specific energies (Wh/kg) for longer-duration flights and come with the added benefit of fast fueling, allowing customers to maximize the utilization of these assets and setting several world records for endurance flights through the use of EnergyOr’s innovative and proprietary fuel cell technology."
	7.14. 09 Feb 2024, InterestingEngineering, Hydrogen-powered drones get a major boost with new fuel cell membrane "Previous research has attempted to use radical scavengers and hydrocarbon electrolyte membranes to solve the problem but found limited success. The research teams at Incheon and Harvard Universities collaborated to develop a new polymer electrolyte membrane that is resistant to operational fatigue."
	7.15. 29 Jan 2024, Modelon, 2024 Innovations in Aircraft Hydrogen Storage, "Hydrogen is well-suited to flight. Hydrogen is light and energy-dense, yielding roughly three times more energy storage per unit mass than jet fuel. More importantly, hydrogen fuel cells are technically free of carbon emissions. These flights become truly carbon-free by sourcing green hydrogen produced entirely through renewable energy (as all the industry leaders plan to do)."
	7.16. 23 Jan 2024, NPS, NPS POTION Software Helps UAV Break Records During Arctic Test Flight, "Central to the project’s achievements was the development of optimal trajectory planning software emulating the energy-conserving flight patterns of migrating birds navigating atmospheric wind rivers. In the realm of energy-efficient flight, characterized by low airspeeds and altitudes, susceptibility to the adverse effects of strong winds and icing is amplified."
	7.17. 14 Jan 2024, Sirius Aviation, SIRIUS AVIATION TO UNVEIL HYDROGEN-POWERED BUSINESS JET, "Sirius Jet is a fully electric, zero-emissions, vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft designed to blend the aerodynamics of a jet with the versatility of airplanes and helicopters, powered by a hydrogen-electric ducted fan propulsion system."
	7.18. 27 Nov 2023, HevenDrones, Hydrogen-powered drones could fly longer, farther, "Heven Drones' H2D200 can carry up to 10lbs — twice what a typical electric drone of its size can carry & has a potential range of 317 miles, with up to four hours of flight time. The H2D250 can carry up to 22lbs and has a potential range of 466 miles, with up to eight hours of flight time."
	7.19. 16 Nov 2023, Airbus, Contrail-chasing Blue Condor makes Airbus’ first full hydrogen-powered flight, "The modified glider at the centre of Airbus UpNext’s hydrogen contrail-studying experiment, Blue Condor, made its first hydrogen-powered flight over Nevada US 8 Nov. The flight was Airbus first ever to use hydrogen as the sole fuel source."
	7.20. 01 Nov 2023, Nature, Application of multi-extruded fuel injectors for mixing enhancement of hydrogen gas at scramjet engine: computational study, "The findings reveal that the use of extruded nozzles and inner air jet can significantly improve fuel mixing and distribution by enhancing the vortices between injectors."

► R8. APP: Defence / Military Industry (25)

	8.1. 08 Jan 2025, US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center celebrates US Army’s first hydrogen-powered nanogrid "The nanogrid at WSMR uses renewable H2 fuel to replace traditional bulky, noisy diesel generators. It provides power to a surveillance camera system and meteorological weather equipment, supporting continuous, unattended operation in a remote off-grid location. The nanogrid enables this equipment to operate in the particular location where “silent watch” capabilities of H2-powered generation are needed in a pristine environment."
	8.2. 10 Sep 2024, GeoPura, GeoPura Hydrogen Power Trial Advances Green Energy for UK Ministry of Defence Sites "GeoPura, a leading provider of zero-emission energy solutions, is proud to announce the successful completion of a landmark hydrogen power trial with the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The trial successfully introduced and utilised hydrogen on military bases to generate electricity to recharge electric cars."
	8.3. 19 Aug 2024, Blueflite, Blueflite, an innovator in advanced drone technology, is proud to announce its participation in the Northern Strike 2024 "Blueflite® CEO Frank Noppel said the Northern Territory is the ideal location to develop, test and deploy long-range hydrogen powered UAVs which have the potential to shrink distances, increase services in remote areas and decarbonise last mile transportation."
	8.4. 08 Jul 2024, NATO Energy Security, Executive Summary of the field experiment conducted by NATO ENSEC COE in the summer of 2023, utilizing Hydrogen Fuel Cell technology within the military environment "The field trial, conducted at French military site in Gergy “CIEP,” was a unique endeavor that provided a “close to mission” environment. The trial involved using 2xH2 fuel cells for 400W & 1000W."
	8.5. 08 May 2024, Janes, DSA 2024: Malvus Sense unveils hydrogen-electric-powered VTOL UAS "Malaysian firm Malvus Sense unveiled the CW-25H, a new H2-electric-powered vertical take-off & landing in collaboration with Chinese UAS firm JOUAV at the Defence Services Asia 2024. Powered by hydrogen-electric hybrid technology, the CW-25H has a flight time of up to 330 minutes. The two companies are collaborating on UASs for the Malaysian Armed Forces."
	8.6. 22 Apr 2024, University of Sydney, Medical drone project receives $3.6 million to close health gap in rural and remote Australia "The medical drone is being designed to enable early detection, prevention, and treatment of health conditions common in rural and remote regions of Australia, such as sepsis and to actively contribute. Militarily, US Air Force: Drones essential to combat medicine."
	8.7. 15 Apr 2024, Military Aerospace Communications, Japan pours billions of yen into plan to build the world’s largest hydrogen fuel cell for aviation "Japan's New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO), a government research agency, is using $86 million in funds to develop a 4MW hydrogen fuel cell by 2029 & by developing technology for components that make up fuel-cell electric propulsion systems for aircraft applications."
	8.8. 15 Apr 2024, BWR, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Microgrid Project: Energy Innovation, Integration and Assurance "BWR Innovation announces it was recently granted a two-year subcontract by The Global Connective Center, LLC as a part of an agreement with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to develop and integrate capabilities for a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Microgrid (H2MG) to promote operation energy resilience."
	8.9. 07 Apr 2024, H2 IQ, HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS: POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE US MILITARY "The US Army’s recent initiative to award up to $1.8 million for clean hydrogen-fuel technologies underscores the military’s commitment to reducing its carbon footprint. These investments are focused on pioneering solutions that could revolutionize energy consumption in combat and peacetime scenarios alike."
	8.10. 02 Apr 2024, Honeywell, Honeywell Wins Contract To Develop Hydrogen Fuel Cell Power System For U.S. Army Soldiers "Honeywell’s small fuel cell will be used on the move to charge batteries and power equipment, reducing the number of spare batteries needed by the soldier or squad. Additionally, the system is designed to complement standard electronic equipment a U.S. soldier already uses."
	8.11. 12 Mar 2024, Cellula Robotics, Metron and Cellula Robotics, USA Sign a Strategic Partnership Agreement to Advance UUV Capabilities for Long Duration Operations in Dynamic Environments "Cellula’s Solus-LR and Solus-XR platforms (the latter with an operational range of at least 5,000 kilometers), will be equipped with Cellula’s cutting-edge hydrogen fuel cell technology."
	8.12. 11 Dec 2023, SKYCORP Technologies, e-Drone Zero "The e-Drone Zero is a surveillance-focused H2 drone. As a multirotor configuration, it is nimble, compact, resilient & capable of acting off-grid as necessary. Extended Flight Times – 90-120 min; Refueling 2-5 min; On-board Processing – Support for AI; EO-IR Payload; Comms – Radio/LTE/5G/Satcom."
	8.13. 10 Nov 2023, Airgas, Airgas Awarded the 2024 Military Friendly® Gold Recognition Employer Designation "Airgas, an Air Liquide company, has earned the Gold Level Recognition and been named by VIQTORY to the 2024 Military Friendly® Employers list for the second year in a row, following three consecutive years with Silver Level Designation."
	8.14. 06 Sep 2023, Infinite Composites, INFINITE COMPOSITES SIGNS $1.6MUSD ARMY CONTRACT TO DEVELOP CONFORMABLE FUEL TANKS FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE "The DoD has created several initiatives to increase funding to develop new and improved hydrogen technologies for military vehicles including aircraft, ground support, and marine applications."
	8.15. 04 Sep 2023, Naval Technology, Recharge AUVs without a mothership: US trials hydrogen fuel cell "Saab AUV is being equipped with the Subsea Supercharger from Teledyne Energy Systems & the fuel cell uses technology to extend the AUV’s mission duration, and by reducing the requirement to reconnect with a surface vessel it also reduces the risk and the cost of operations."
	8.16. 17 Aug 2023, US DHS, Feature Article: Using Hydrogen to Power Disaster Relief "The H2Rescue truck was built by Accelera by Cummins under a USACE ERDC-CERL cooperative agreement with funding and design assistance from S&T, the DoE, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Army Ground Vehicle Power and Mobility, & USNRL."
	8.17. 27 Jun 2023, GM Defense, Hydrotech Fuel Cell Technology "The HYDROTEC Fuel Cell Power Cube is at the core of every GM fuel cell product. These power systems transform electrified systems into fuel cell technology rapidly. GM Defense can leverage FCPC to rapidly deploy fuel cell capabilities to enhance warfighter capability and support mission use cases."
	8.18. 27 May 2023, ScienceDirect, Green energy hubs for the military that can also support the civilian mobility sector with green hydrogen "Coupling the civil sector with H2 storage in military renewable energy source (RES) hubs can facilitate a green transition of the civilian and military sectors by integrating RESs at lower cost."
	8.19. 24 Mar 2023, Indian Aerospace and Defence Bulletin, Green H2 Energy: The Next Big Step For Indian Armed Forces "The Green H2 Mission recently announced by the state is poised to establish New Delhi as a hub for this eco-friendly fuel in India. This fuel will be produced entirely within India, eliminating the need for the country to rely on external sources for energy supply."
	8.20. 17 Mar 2023, Hypersonix, Australia's Hydrogen Powered Hypersonix Selected by US Defence Innovation Unit for Test Vehicle "Hypersonix DART AE (Additive Engineering) vehicle makes significant use of 3D-printing and is powered by a hydrogen-fuelled SPARTAN scramjet engine, capable of flying non-ballistic flight patterns at speeds of Mach 5 to Mach 7."
	8.21. 16 Mar 2023, Hylium Industries, Hylium Industries develops creative technologies on compact hydrogen liquefaction and ultra light hydrogen storage through R&D programs, "Hylium Industries' HyliumX is a hydrogen fuel cell powered drone operating on liquefied hydrogen. The HyliumX has a flight endurance of up to five hours."
	8.22. 07 Mar 2023, USA Department of Energy, Nine Mile Point Begins Clean H2 Production "DOE supported the construction and installation of a low-temperature electrolysis system at the Nine Mile Point nuclear power plant that leverages the facility’s existing H2 storage system, using electricity generated at the plant to split H20 into hydrogen and oxygen."
	8.23. 21 Feb 2023, GM Defence, Delivering the Future of Power on the Battlefield "HYDROTEC fuel cell power cube is designed to be easily integrated into a variety of vehicle platforms. HYDROTEC has been field tested with thousands of run hours and proven performance and underpinning technology of GM’s Mobile Power Generation System."
	8.24. 14 Feb 2023, HevenDrones, HevenDrones launched its first hydrogen-powered drone for defence and commercial use, the H2D55 "With 5-times greater energy efficiency than Li battery drones, H2D55 is capable of flying for 100 min with 7kg. H2D55 is programmed with a control system that contains multiple gyroscopes & supporting algorithms to extend stable flight."
	8.25. 08 Feb 2023, NavalNews, World’s Largest Submarine Drone Being Built In Germany "German shipbuilder TKMS (Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems) is preparing to start construction of their MUM (Modifiable Underwater Mothership) underwater drone. The prototype will be powered by hydrogen fuel cell AIP (air independent power) propulsion and generate about 80 kW power."

► R9. APP: Marine / Maritime Industry (20)

	9.1. 20 Dec 2024, SWITCH Maritime, Sea Change Hydrogen Ferry Demonstration Project "Welcome aboard Sea Change, the world’s first commercial hydrogen fuel-cell powered ferry. Sea Change will be operating special trips on SF Bay Ferry’s Pier 41. Rides are free. MV Sea Change is owned by SWITCH Maritime, and was developed by the company with support from a grant provided by the California Air Resources Board."
	9.2. 30 Oct 2024, Yanmar, Successful Operation at Rated Output in the Trial of a H2 4-Stroke High-Speed Engine for Coastal Vessels "The tested pilot-ignition H2 engine operates by using a small amount of diesel oil as the ignition source (pilot fuel) to burn a premixture of hydrogen and air. With this operation, the engine achieved the world’s highest H2 fuel ratio and an output of approximately 500 kW, leading the industry."
	9.3. 13 Oct 2024, MDPI, A Technical Study on an Integrated Closed-Loop SOFC & NH3 Decomposition System for Marine Application "This study result proves that the integrated system of NH3 cracking SOFCs can maintain a self-balanced condition, ensuring adequate SOFC heat supply for the ammonia cracking process to produce H2 while supporting normal SOFC operation & generating heat."
	9.4. 24 Sep 2024, FCHEA, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Develoipments in Marine Transportation "The Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association (FCHEA) is the leading industry association in the United States representing more than one hundred leading organizations advancing production, distribution, and use of innovative, clean, safe, and reliable hydrogen energy."
	9.5. 16 Sep 2024, DNV, DNV awards AiP to HD Hyundai for 80K CBM electric propulsion Liquefied Hydrogen Carrier: An innovative solution to enable large-scale H2 shipping "The vessel is equipped with HD Hyundai's new large LH2 tanks featuring advanced vacuum insulation and an electric propulsion system with H2 Dual Fuel HiMSEN engines, allowing flexible fuel use between diesel and hydrogen."
	9.6. 03 Sep 2024, DNV, HYPERMOTIVE AND HONDA COLLABORATE TO BRING INNOVATIVE HYDROGEN POWER SOLUTION TO THE MARITIME SECTOR "Developed in collaboration with Honda, and underpinned by Hypermotive’s SYSTEM-X technology, X-M1 is a scalable, modular, hydrogen fuel cell power system that makes clean energy transition more accessible and achievable for maritime operators."
	9.7. 19 Aug 2024, MDPI, Hydrogen Production from Wave Power Farms to Refuel Hydrogen-Powered Ships in the Mediterranean Sea "This paper explores the technoeconomic viability of harnessing wave energy from the Mediterranean Sea to produce green hydrogen for hydrogen-powered ships. Four promising island locations—near Sardegna, Galite, Western Crete, and Eastern Crete—were selected."
	9.8. 12 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Zero-emission propulsion system featuring, Flettner rotors, batteries and fuel cells, for a merchant ship "Here we propose a zero-emission hybrid hydrogen-wind-powered propulsion system to be retrofitted to a benchmark merchant ship with a conventional propulsion system. The ship and its propulsion systems are modelled using an in-house platform."
	9.9. 11 Jul 2024, MDPI, Opportunities and Challenges of Hydrogen Ports: An Empirical Study in Australia and Japan "This paper investigated the opportunities and challenges of integrating ports into hydrogen (H2) supply chains in the context of Australia and Japan because they are leading countries in the field and are potential leaders in the upcoming large-scale H2 trade."
	9.10. 19 Jun 2024, Energys-Anlegg, Energys and Anlegg & Marine Service Join Forces to Propel Zero Emissions Maritime Solutions in Norway "Energys for small - medium vessels: 90kW, 135kW, and 270kW Marine Powerhouses. For medium - large vessels: 1MW, 2MW, and 3MW Marine Powerhouses - delivering high power output with exceptional fuel efficiency for ferries, Ro-Ro ships, tugs & large ocean vessels."
	9.11. 11 May 2024, ScienceDirect, Hydrogen as a deep sea shipping fuel: Modelling the volume requirements "This study focused on one potential future fuel for shipping: hydrogen. The justification is that other leading candidates for future fuels (such as e-methanol and e-ammonia) require a hydrogen feedstock for production. Therefore, hydrogen will always be less energy intensive to produce than either of these fuels."
	9.12. 04 May 2024, Feadship, Feadship ushers in the fuel-cell era with the launch of 118.80-metre Project 821 "Project 821 has a cryogenic fuel tank aboard that holds 92 m2 (some 4 tonnes) of hydrogen, the sixteen compact fuel cells, their switchboard connection to the DC electrical grid, and the vent stacks for the escaping water vapour added four metres to the yacht's original specification length."
	9.13. 25 Apr 2024, Rice University, Underwater robot pioneers new energy-efficient buoyancy control "The robot serves as PoC for fuel cell-based buoyancy control devices to reduce operating costs for remotely operated or autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) with applications ranging from environmental monitoring & oceanographic research to military & industrial tasks, providing a quieter, more energy-efficient alternative to conventional thruster-driven AUVs."
	9.14. 18 Apr 2024, LR, LR to class Torghatten Nord’s H2-powered ferry duo for Arctic sailings "Two H2-powered passenger ferries ordered by Torghatten Nord are set for Lloyd’s Register class following Approval in Principle awarded 08/2022. Designed by The Norwegian Ship Design Company to operate in the challenging waters of the Vestfjordstrekninga fjord in the Arctic Circle, the two vessels will be built at Norwegian shipyard, Myklebust Verft."
	9.15. 14 Mar 2024, EnergyObserver, Through expeditions and innovations, Energy Observer is exploring practical solutions whilst developing new technologies to accelerate ecological transition "The boat and her onboard technologies are exposed to harsh environmental conditions, shocks, and extreme temperatures, and fitted with 8 carbon fiber tanks holding a total of 62kg of hydrogen at 350 bar."
	9.16. 13 Mar 2024, Sandia National Laboratories, Maritime Applications for Hydrogen Fuel Cells "H2 fuel cells have a long track record of supplying efficient, clean power for a wide range of applications, including forklifts, mobile lighting, emergency backup power systems & light-duty vehicles. Conducting research for these applications, Sandia has also studied the feasibility, optimization, applications & safety of H2 fuel cells used in maritime settings."
	9.17. 07 Mar 2024, MAN Energy Solutions, MITSUI Performs World-First Hydrogen Test - Adapted ME-GI gas engine runs on hydrogen up to 100% load "MAN/MITSUI successfully tested a 50-bore MAN B&W two-stroke engine up to 100% load at its Tamano facility while running on hydrogen, a world-first for the maritime industry."
	9.18. 14 Feb 2024, Yamaha, YAMAHA DEVELOPS HYDROGEN FUEL SYSTEM WITH ROUSH AND REGULATOR MARINE, HYDROGEN OUTBOARD UNVEILED AT MIAMI INTERNATIONAL BOAT SHOW "Yamaha, Regulator and Roush displayed the boat hull, fuel system and outboard to demonstrate how hydrogen could work as a possible fuel source in a marine environment."
	9.19. 01 Feb 2024, Sandia, Exploring LH2 Tank Technology for Zero-Emission Fuel Cell Vessels "This study explored how improvements in LH2 tank weight, shape, and multiplicity might increase LH2 storage aboard watercraft using hydrogen fuel cells for propulsion. We also sought to identify the most promising R&D routes to improving LH2 tank performance in the areas investigated." Sandia Maritime Applications
	9.20. 09 Jan 2024, Yanmar, Development of Hydrogen-Fueled 4-Stroke Engine Underway for Zero Emission Vessels "Yanmar has embarked on the development of a hydrogen-fueled 4-stroke high-speed engine for power generation for coastal vessels in Japan as part of the Nippon Foundation’s zero emission ship demonstration experiment."

► R10. APP: Smelting [Al / Cu / Fe] Industry (20)

	10.1. 09 Jan 2024, ScienceDirect, Global steel decarbonisation roadmaps: Near-zero by 2050 "This paper analyses the current state of research through a critical review of global iron and steel decarbonisation roadmaps to 2050. The consensus among scenarios and modelled pathways is that the sector will achieve near-zero emissions, falling short of net-zero targets by around 10%."
	10.2. 09 Jan 2024, ScienceDirect, A novel rotary-cavity reactor for sustainable solar metallurgy: Design and experimental demonstration of direct reduction of iron ore "A novel rotary-type solar reactor was designed, constructed and tested for demonstration of hydrogen-based direct iron ore reduction under real direct solar irradiation. Such a solar reactor concept for clean ironmaking has never been implemented before."
	10.3. 09 Dec 2024, MDPI, High Efficiency in Clean Hydrogen Production Using Water and AlLi Phases Prepared by Mechanical Alloying "The material was prepared by mechanical alloying using a high-energy Spex-type mill in an Al20Li ratio. Relatively short milling times were programmed for the preparation of AlLi phases. Through this process, two phases were identified, which react efficiently to produce clean h2."
	10.4. 21 Nov 2024, ScienceDirect, Utilization of H2 fuel in reheating furnace & its effect on oxide scale formation of low-carbon steels "Here the oxidation behavior of low-carbon steels is investigated in a dynamic heating test to a max temp. 1180 °C in simulated reheating conditions & aims to determine effects of fuel gas transition from fossil fuels to H2 on the oxide scale formation of different low-carbon steels."
	10.5. 23 Oct 2024, Stegra, Green Steel - Say goodbye to a major polluter. Our near-zero emission steel will be the greenest ore-based steel produced at scale "Here the oxygen in the ore bonds with H2 producing H2O as a byproduct & at the same time making the iron ready for use in steelmaking. Scaled green H2 production enables the transition of hard-to-abate industries towards sustainability."
	10.6. 09 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Effect of location on green steel production using Australian resources "This study compares the cost and CO2 emissions associated with green steel production as a function of location for the components in its supply chain between Australia & China & results are benchmarked against a new facility using conventional coal-based technology."
	10.7. 09 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, Particle-resolved computational modeling of hydrogen-based direct reduction of iron ore pellets in a fixed bed. Part II: Influence of the pellet sizes and shapes "This study emphasizes the importance of accurate bed reconstruction and provides critical insights for optimizing the hydrogen-based direct reduction process in industrial applications."
	10.8. 20 Aug 2024, Austrade, Australia forges a future made from green steel "Australia has plenty of the minerals – magnetite and hematite – and renewable energy resources to make green steel. Supporting infrastructure is in place and expanding. The Australian Government’s 2024–25 Budget includes A$18.1 million over six years from 2024–25 for Green Metals Foundational Incentives."
	10.9. 16 Aug 2024, Fortescue, Fortescue starts works on Green Metal Project "Fortescue has marked a new milestone in its mission to build a green metal supply chain with the start of works at its Green Metal Project in the Pilbara WA. The plant will use green H2 produced at Fortescue’s gaseous & LH2 facility, the largest of its kind in Australia, together with an electric smelting furnace to produce high purity green metal."
	10.10. 09 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Global demand for green hydrogen-based steel: Insights from 28 scenarios "We examine 28 existing scenarios to provide a cohesive view of future global demand. In the short term, the demand for green hydrogen-based steel is expected to be limited, constituting 2% of current total steel production by 2030 & transformation phase expected around 2040, marked by accelerated growth."
	10.11. 07 Jun 2024, Boston Metal, Decarbonizing steelmaking for a net-zero future "Developed an electrolysis process eliminates need for coal in steel production. Our platform uses renewable electricity to convert all FeO grades to high-quality liquid metal which eliminates several steps in steelmaking process & does not require coke production, iron ore sintering & pelletizing, blast furnace reduction or O2 furnace refinement."
	10.12. 11 Apr 2024, Voestalpine, Greentec steel: landmark melting at voestalpine site Donawitz "The world’s first high-quality “green” wire rod from hydrogen-reduced pure iron and scrap at its site in Donawitz. The hydrogen-reduced pure iron was produced in the Hyfor pilot plant, while the landmark melting was carried out in the Group’s own Technikum Metallurgie research facility, a unique small but complete steel plant."
	10.13. 01 Mar 2024, ARENA-ANU, ANU – De-risking large-scale Australian fine-ore hydrogen ironmaking "This project was selected as part of the competitive Iron and Steel R&D Funding Round under the Transformative Research Accelerating Commercialisation (TRAC) Program to create solutions for Australian iron ore, predominantly comprised of lower grade ore from the Pilbara, and to decarbonise domestic steel production."
	10.14. 25 Feb 2024, Santos, SANTOS SIGNS MOU TO SUPPORT GREEN STEEL TRANSFORMATION OF WHYALLA STEELWORKS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA "Whyalla has all the elements to lead the green steel industry in one location – vast reserves of high-quality magnetite, abundant potential for the generation of renewable energy, a cape-sized capable sea port, skilled workforce, extensive infrastructure, a supportive community, collaborative governments."
	10.15. 24 Jan 2024, Nature, Green steel from red mud through climate-neutral hydrogen plasma reduction "We show the underlying chemical reactions, pH-neutralization processes and phase transformations during this surprisingly simple and fast reduction method and establishes a sustainable toxic-waste treatment from aluminium production through using red mud."
	10.16. 22 Jan 2024, H2 Green Steel, H2 Green Steel raises more than €4 billion in debt financing for the world’s first large-scale green steel plant "Use of green hydrogen as the reducing agent for iron ore in the steel-making process is one of the highest merit order use cases for green hydrogen we have identified."
	10.17. 17 Jan 2024, Metso, Circored™ 100% Hydrogen based Fine Ore Reduction as one route to CO2 neutral steelmaking "The flexible process, which produces highly metalized direct reduced iron (DRI) or hot briquetted iron (HBI) that can be fed directly to an electric arc furnace, has proven its functionality and performance in an industrial-scale demonstration plant."
	10.18. 12 Dec 2023, ACS, A Review on the Modeling and Simulation of Shaft Furnace Hydrogen Metallurgy: A Chemical Engineering Perspective "The discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)–DEM models have been used for particle-scale simulation to investigate inhomogeneous particle descent and relevant particle–particle interactions."
	10.19. 11 Dec 2023, MDPI, In-Situ H2 Charging Effect on the Fracture Behaviour of 42CrMo4 Steel Submitted to Various Quenched and Tempering Heat Treatments "Here, 42CrMo4 steel was subjected to quenched and tempered heat treatments using different temperature and time durations, in order to obtain different tempered martensite microstructures."
	10.20. 02 Oct 2023, Nature, How much hydrogen is in green steel? "Here two key questions that need to be answered before implementing hydrogen as a reductant at the industrial scale for green steel production: (1) How much hydrogen is in green steel? (2) Will green steel suffer from severe hydrogen embrittlement?"

► R11. APP: Space Industry (20)

	11.1. 02 Dec 2024, ScienceDirect, Analytical formulations for Nitrogen Oxides emissions estimation of a hydrogen fueled Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine (SABRE) in air-breathing mode "This study specifically focuses on the former, enabling the Single Stage To Orbit (SSTO) Skylon reaching the hypersonic speed regime before transitioning to rocket mode."
	11.2. 14 Oct 2024, Infinity, Infinity delivers 7 kW Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell Designed for Future Spaceflight Missions "This is one of the largest Fuel Cell stacks that Infinity has made and demonstrates the design is on a path to full qualification. Engineers at Infinity tested the stack to meet 1 to 7 kW. Infinity’s patented air-independent, space-rated fuel cell systems can support extended mission operations."
	11.3. 05 Aug 2024, NASA, Low Leakage Cryogenic Disconnects for Fuel Transfer and Long-Term Storage "To enable deep space missions, the capability to transfer and store cryogenic fuels (typically liquid hydrogen, methane, and oxygen) without significant leakage over long duration missions is critical. NASA has been actively developing zero boil-off cryocooler technology to reduce storage losses."
	11.4. 07 Jun 2024, MT Aerospace, Hydrogen is the driver for future decarbonised mobility solutions "MT Aerospace has decades of experience in the use of LH2 in rocket propulsion systems. This expertise results both from sustainable technology innovations and a large number of product-related cryogenic tests. The further development into cryogenic H2 storage and supply systems is a differentiating feature for MT Aerospace."
	11.5. 08 May 2024, University of Melbourne, High-tech equipment boosts University’s hydrogen and space research "UoM has worked with the Florida, USA-headquartered company GenH2, a leader in hydrogen infrastructure solutions, to install a GenH2 Cryostat CS500 simulation test platform to test & develop super-insulation systems for LH2 storage & other cryogenic applications, including space."
	11.6. 08 May 2024, NASA, NASA MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER IN-SPACE CRYOGENIC PROPULSION CAPABILITIES AND APPLICATIONS TO HUMAN EXPLORATION "Future Mars transit systems are envisioned to utilize either high-thrust nuclear thermal propulsion (with LH2 propellant), or hybrid systems with both cryogenic chemical systems for high acceleration manoeuvres & nuclear electric systems."
	11.7. 12 Mar 2024, PHYS.ORG, Zero-boil-off tank experiments to enable long-duration space exploration "Although the dynamic ZBO approach is complex, it promises an impressive advantage over the currently used passive methods. An assessment of one nuclear propulsion concept for Mars transport estimated that passive boil-off losses for a large LH2 tank carrying 38 tons of fuel for a three-year mission to Mars would be approximately 16 tons/year."
	11.8. 01 Mar 2024, ESA, Green hydrogen for Ariane 6 and more "ESA & CNES are determined to reduce the footprint of rocket launches & ground operations at Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana & aiming to deliver low-carbon H2 generated by solar-powered electrolysis of water by 2026. Project Hyguane a portmanteau of the French words for H2, French Guiana and the local Iguanas is a €40.5M investment in a solar farm and distribution systems."
	11.9. 21 Feb 2024, Space Perspective, The world’s only carbon-neutral spaceship "Space Perspective has designed a luxurious capsule to take passengers on a six-hour trip to the stratosphere, where they can enjoy panoramic views of our humble planet—which they’ll have risen above thanks to a giant hydrogen-filled balloon."
	11.10. 29 Jan 2024, NASA, NASA’s Moon Shot Launched Commercial Fuel Cell Industry - Agency’s technology development prepared fuel cells for tomorrow’s renewable energy grids "NASA started investing in fuel cell technology in the 1960s when rest of world was still content to be powered by fossil fuels, driving NASA to explore new ways to generate & store energy."
	11.11. 04 Jan 2024, NASA, Magnetohydrodynamic Drive for Hydrogen and Oxygen Production in Mars Transfer "A new approach employs magnetohydrodynamic electrolytic cell that extracts & separates O2 & H2 gas without moving parts in microgravity, removing need for a forced water recirculation loop & associated ancillary equipment such as pumps or centrifuges."
	11.12. 15 Nov 2023, Nature, Hydrogen-bearing vesicles in space weathered lunar calcium-phosphates "Here we present transmission electron microscopy analyses of Apollo lunar soil 79221 that reveal solar-wind hydrogen concentrated in vesicles as molecular hydrogen in the calcium-phosphates apatite and merrillite."
	11.13. 21 Sep 2023, WHA International, Will hydrogen power the future of Aerospace? "Engineers have used Hydrogen in rocket fuel and Hydrogen fuel cells since the early years of space exploration. Hydrogen high power and quick refueling potential make it an attractive clean energy option for new aerospace applications as well."
	11.14. 21 Jul 2023, Toyota, Development Status Toyota's Manned Pressurized Rover and MHI's LUPEX Rover "Toyota Fuel cell technology cultivated through long years of vehicle development and technologies developed for the moon, fed back to Earth used to create better vehicles and develop technologies for sustainable society with Lunar Cruiser developed by Toyota."
	11.15. 27 Jun 2023, Infinite Composites, INFINITE COMPOSITES: TYPE V TANKS FOR SPACE "Type V Space application: the infiniteCPV is a simplified all-composite design that allows for users to take advantage of the maximum fuel storage capacity at the lowest possible weight. Removing the need for a metallic or plastic gas barrier eliminates the potential of a liner failure."
	11.16. 06 Jun 2023, Nature, Assessment of the technological viability of photoelectrochemical devices for oxygen and fuel production on Moon and Mars "Present is a refined Martian solar irradiance spectrum and establish the thermodynamic and realistic efficiency limits of solar-driven lunar water-splitting and Martian carbon dioxide reduction (CO2R) devices."
	11.17. 09 May 2023, PHYS.ORG, Researchers switch from helium to hydrogen weather balloons "The National Weather Service provided the electrolysis equipment, which uses electricity to turn water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, and provided regular maintenance of the equipment. The ARM Sandia facility launches two weather balloons a day for weather service."
	11.18. 27 Mar 2023, Destinus, Destinus Receives 12M Grant for H₂ Flight "Destinus, a European aerospace firm specializing in high-speed H₂ powered airplanes, has been chosen by the Spanish Ministry of Science’s Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico e Industrial program to participate in a strategic initiative to further R&D for supersonic flight utilizing H₂ as fuel."
	11.19. 27 Mar 2023, Nature, A solar wind-derived H2O reservoir on the Moon hosted by impact glass beads "A report on the abundance, H2 isotope composition and core-to-rim variations of H2O measured in impact glass beads from lunar soils via Chang’e-5. The impact glass beads preserve hydration signatures & display H2O consistent with inward diffusion of solar wind-derived H2O."
	11.20. 21 Feb 2023, IJER, Liquid Cooling Flow Field Design and Thermal Analysis of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for Space Applications "This study examined PEM fuel cell elements and cooling flow channel design for space applications. The effect of the designed flow channel on the PEM fuel cell temperature distribution was investigated. "

► R12. Hydrogen Research Centers (43)

	12.1. AU - Australian Hydrogen Research Network (AHRN) A community of researchers and interested stakeholders supporting the emerging hydrogen industry in Australia. We foster excellence in hydrogen-related research through an ongoing program of seminars and knowledge-sharing activities.
	12.2. AU - Australian National University (ANU) Publications on aspects of the Hydrogen economy transition.
	12.3. AU - Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) The Knowledge Bank is an open-source library of reports, studies, multimedia and tools that provide guidance and learnings to benefit future renewable hydrogen energy projects.
	12.4. AU - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publications from CSIRO on Hydrogen Fuel Cell research and development of renewable energy solutions. Hydrogen Knowledge Centre
	12.5. AU - Geoscience Australia / Monash University - Hydrogen Economic Fairways Tool (HEFT) HEFT was developed by Geoscience Australia in collaboration with Monash University & is based on an open-source economic model that maps the economic viability of H2 production opportunities across Australia.
	12.6. AU - Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) Publications from the RMIT Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Laboratory (SHEL) that pioneers research and development on hydrogen energy solutions.
	12.7. AU - Swinburne Institute of Technology / Victorian Hydrogen Hub Led by Swinburne University of Technology in partnership with CSIRO and Germany’s ARENA2036 factory, the Victorian Hydrogen Hub (VH2) brings together researchers, industry partners and business to drive the implementation of the hydrogen economy.
	12.8. AU - University of NSW Hydrogen storage and battery technology groupResearch focuses on fabrication and storage optimization of a novel porous solid-state hydrogen storage material in fuel cell integrated systems to reduce the hydrogen storage pressure to only 10MPa, six times less than current market technology.
	12.9. CH - Frontiers Frontiers is the 3rd most-cited and 6th largest research publisher and open science platform. Our research journals are community-driven and peer-reviewed by editorial boards of more than 260,000 top researchers.
	12.10. CH - MDPI Hydrogen Journal MDPI has supported academic communities since 1996. Based in Basel, Switzerland, MDPI has the mission to foster open scientific exchange in all forms, across all disciplines.
	12.11. DE - Hyfindr Publications on hydrogen system components, materials and other hydrogen related equipment.
	12.12. DE - Hydrogen Tech World Publications including an interesting mix of company profiles, in-depth technical articles, reports from major end users and projects in the hydrogen production industries.
	12.13. EU - Hydrogen Europe Research Publications from the European scientific community involved in the development of a new, industrial ecosystem based on hydrogen and committed to moving towards a circular, carbon-neutral economy.
	12.14. EU - Interreg: North-West Europe H2SHIPS Research By concentrating on collaboration, CSHIPP strives to connect the dots between the various projects which look at the shared topic of clean shipping from different angles. The site is also a portal for sharing the H2SHIPS Project outputs.
	12.15. FI - Aalto University H2 Innovation Center Hydrogen open source search on technical materials relating to hydrogen evolution, storage, distribution, and fuel cells.
	12.16. FR - The French National Research Network on Hydrogen Energy The French National Research Network on Hydrogen Energy (FRH2) brings together 30 laboratories with 300 well known researchers (CNRS researchers, faculty members and engineers) actively involved in the hydrogen sector.
	12.17. INT - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy A central vehicle for the exchange and dissemination of new ideas, technology developments and research results in the field of Hydrogen Energy between scientists and engineers throughout the world.
	12.18. JP - Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology, Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, Hydrogen Energy Carrier Team Developing technologies for storing and utilizing large amounts of renewable energy that will help solve several energy issues facing Japan.
	12.19. KR - Korea Institute of Energy Research Future Energy Research Division conducts researches on H2 generation, storage, transportation, and utilization to realize a future energy society, focusing on the development of fuel cell technologies represented by generation, storage, and use of H2, an eco-friendly source of energy with economic benefits obtained by coal fuels and water.
	12.20. NL - ScienceDirect From foundational science to new and novel research, discover our large collection of Physical Sciences and Engineering publications, covering a range of disciplines, from the theoretical to the applied.
	12.21. NL - ScienceDirect Journal of Green Technologies and Sustainability This Journal encourages and promotes interdisciplinary research and development to important technological and theoretical developments in greentech and sustainability issues.
	12.22. SG - National University of Singapore - Centre for Hydrogen Innovations Research site focus promotes cutting-edge R&D advancements in H2 production, storage, and utilization; and fosters collaborations with industries, academia, and agencies to drive H2-based solutions.
	12.23. UK - Geological Society Publications - Lyell Collection Research site search "hydrogen" - the Lyell Collection represents one of the largest integrated collections of online Earth Science literature available.
	12.24. UK - The Major Projects Association - Knowledge Centre Renewable Hydrogen Energy: Applied Scientific and Engineering References - A set of recent, curated, renewable Hydrogen energy scientific and engineering references covering: H2 production via electromechanical and electrolysis methods; H2 production via solar and protonic ceramics; proton exchange membrane fuel cells; H2 storage as liquid or compressed gas and Type IV carbon fibre reinforced storage products. Industry area references are categorized under Automotive; Aviation; Defence; Marine; Rail; and Smelting and Steel. References to significant H2 Research Centers, and H2 market analyses are also included.
	12.25. UK - TheIET.ORG The Institution of Engineering and Technology Wiley - Search "hydrogen + energy" => research developments -> we inspire, inform and influence the global engineering and technology community to engineer a better world.
	12.26. UK - Science X / PHYS.ORG Search "hydrogen + energy" => Daily science news on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations.
	12.27. UK - University of Birmingham The Birmingham Centre for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Research focuses on research and development, applications and demonstrations of fuel cell and hydrogen systems and technologies.
	12.28. US - American Chemical Society (ACS) pubs.acs.org ACS Publications’ commitment to publishing high-quality content continues to attract impactful research that addresses the world’s most important challenges.
	12.29. US - IEEE ieee.org IEEE is the world’s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.
	12.30. US - Mendeley.com Search "hydrogen + energy" => Year/Document Type/Journal/Author/Access Type/Most relevant/Most recent/Most cited science articles on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations.
	12.31. US - MIT HyTEC The research capabilities at HyTEC range from a wide variety of experimental and modeling areas associated with hydrogen. We have partnered with world-leading industries and organizations to advance the science and develop new technologies necessary to improve efficiency, reduce cost, and improve the safety of hydrogen production, liquefaction, storage and transportation.
	12.32. US - Nature.com Search "hydrogen + evolution + reaction + HER" for wide variety of journal articles on researched developments, technological breakthroughs and latest innovations.
	12.33. US - National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) NREL's research accelerates development, integration, and scale up of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to enable widespread deployment across multiple energy sectors.
	12.34. US - Naval Postgraduate School Energy Academic Group (EAG) Energy Academic Group maintains the Naval Postgraduate School as a Navy center of excellence for energy graduate education and research. Our efforts focus on solving the Navy, Marine Corps, and Department of Defense’s most critical energy problems through graduate education and research. To that end, EAG employs a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach using the basic sciences, engineering, operations and analysis, and business methods.
	12.35. US - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Technical information about hydrogen published in technical reports, conference proceedings, journal articles, and websites is provided, across categories: General, Production, Delivery, and Storage.
	12.36. US - Pennsylvania State University, H2E Center Researchers at Penn State are active in a variety of topics in hydrogen production, storage, and use in fuel cells and for other applications.
	12.37. US - Proceedings of the National Academv of Sciences, PNAS PNAS is one of the world's most-cited and comprehensive multidisciplinary scientific journals, publishing more than 3,500 research papers annually.
	12.38. US - Sandia National Laboratories, SNL Sandia National Laboratories is operated and managed by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc.
	12.39. US - University of Michigan - MI Hydrogen A joint venture by the Office of the Vice President for Research, Michigan Engineering and the School for Environment and Sustainability.
	12.40. US - University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing Publications includes a number of specific areas of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells research related to fundamental knowledge, technical applications, and integrated systems.
	12.41. US - Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) SwRI develops applied R&D solutions with hydrogen technology used in rockets, alternative combustion, fuel cells, energy storage, and industrial processing plants.
	12.42. US - University of Maryland (UMD) Faculty at UMD are engaged in many aspects of fuel cell R&D including: Microbial fuel cells - a bio-electrochemical system that uses bacteria as the catalyst to oxidize organic and inorganic matter, and consequently, generate electric current. Applications include power generation systems, bio-recovery, & waste-water treatment. Polymer electrolyte membrane Fuel Cells - deliver high power density and offer the advantages of low weight and volume compared with other fuel cells. PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer as an electrolyte and porous carbon electrodes containing a platinum or platinum alloy catalyst. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - use a hard, non-porous ceramic compound as the electrolyte. SOFCs operate at very high temperatures which removes the need for precious-metal catalyst, thereby reducing cost.
	12.43. US - University of Texas (UT) Feautured publications and White Papers on Blue Hydrogen, Green H2 economy, H2 infrastructure, and achieving NET ZERO by 2050.

R1.		1.1. 14 Jan 2025, Nature, Workflow-driven catalytic modulation from single-atom catalysts to Au–alloy clusters on graphene
R2.		2.1. 17 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, The role of solar thermal hydrogen production technologies in future energy solutions: A review
R3.		3.1. 03 Jan 2025, Nature, Review on natural hydrogen wells safety
R4.		4.1. 15 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Hybrid stochastic-deterministic algorithms for the interpretation of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy spectra of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
R5.		5.1. 17 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Knowledge production in technological innovation system: A comprehensive evaluation using a multi-criteria framework based on patent data—a case study on hydrogen storage

HYDROGEN ENERGY RESEARCH
Produced by Robert Cole Basford

Hydrogen Energy Research
Published 2025-01-18

Hydrogen Energy Research
Scientific & Applied Engineering References

Open-source Technology for Sustainable Opportunities (OTSO)

Hydrogen Energy ResearchPublished 2025-01-18

Hydrogen Energy ResearchScientific & Applied Engineering References

Open-source Technology for Sustainable Opportunities (OTSO)

Hydrogen Energy Research
Published 2025-01-18

Hydrogen Energy Research
Scientific & Applied Engineering References