Hydrogen Energy Research

► R1. PROD: Alkaline / AEM / PEM Electrolysis (20)

	1.1. 17 Apr 2025, Nature, Data-driven discovery of biaxially strained single atoms array for hydrogen production, "Here, we develop a data-driven approach by incorporating high-throughput density functional theory computations and machine learning to screen candidates based on a library of 1248 sites from single atoms array anchored on biaxial-strained transition metal dichalcogenides."
	1.2. 16 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Sensitivity study of operating conditions and liquid water transport behavior in an anion exchange membrane fuel cell aided by modeling and neutron radiography, "Here an AEMFC model is employed to simulate the experimental data and provide a better fundamental understanding, especially related to anode flooding. The combined experimental and modeling results provide new insights and identify critical needs for the breakthrough of AEMFC technology."
	1.3. 12 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Advancements in electrolyser stack performance: A comprehensive review of Latest technologies and efficiency strategies, "To ensure the widespread adoption of clean hydrogen technologies, water electrolyser stacks must be optimized in terms of their performance and efficiency, we outline various technologies employed in water electrolysis noting the core of the electrolysis system is the electrolyser stack."
	1.4. 10 Apr 2025, Nature, Enhanced electrocatalytic performance of carbon-coated NiCoO2/NiCo composites for efficient water splitting, "In this study, we synthesize carbon-coated NiCoO2/NiCo@C composites through the calcination of CoNi Prussian Blue Analogues nanocubes, aiming to enhance the electrocatalytic performance for both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)."
	1.5. 08 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Electrochemical oxidation of guaiacol as a sacrificial anodic process producing fine chemical derivative, for hydrogen production via electrolysis, "In this paper the HER efficiency is analysed in tight comparison to an in-depth characterization of the oxidation products. The guaiacol oligomer production is suggested to follow a Kane−Maguire mechanism."
	1.6. 06 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Three-step fabrication of TiO2single bondCdS spheres on SiO2 supports for enhanced hydrogen evolution performance, "In this study, a sophisticated material engineering approach was implemented to enhance electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Initially, a TiO2 coating was synthesized on silica nanoparticles."
	1.7. 04 Apr 2025, ACS, Bubble Trouble: Quantifying the Effects of Bubbles on the Electrochemical Interface, "This study systematically identifies and quantifies the overpotential losses induced by bubbles by combining experimental results for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, obtained using the rotating disk electrode technique, with simulations based on a two-dimensional transmission line model."
	1.8. 01 Apr 2025, ACS, Decoupled Water Electrolysis at High Current Densities Using a Solution-Phase Redox Mediator, "Herein, a decoupled electrolysis flow system using silicotungstic acid as the redox mediator was assembled, using two electrochemical cells (one for oxygen production and mediator reduction, and the other for hydrogen production and mediator reoxidation)."
	1.9. 31 Mar 2025, ACS, Limited Surface Oxide Growth as a Prerequisite for Stabilizing Low-Loading Iridium Electrodes for PEM Water Electrolysis, "Here, state-of-the-art techniques, such as operando quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and identical-location transmission electron microscopy (IL-TEM) employing an ultramicroelectrode, were used to demonstrate the structural transformation of surface Ir during oxygen evolution reaction and the pivotal role of catalyst film thickness control on the self-terminated growth of crystalline IrO2, which enhances catalyst stability."
	1.10. 31 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Perspective in the industrial applications of sonoelectrochemical hydrogen production, "Sonoelectrochemistry is the incorporation of power ultrasound in electrochemistry. The use of ultrasound in electrochemical processes such as water electrolysis can lead to an energy efficiency enhancement in the range of 2–25% in low-temperature water electrolysers."
	1.11. 29 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Graphene based Ni/TiO2 nanocomposite electrode material for sustainable hydrogen evolution reaction, "Herein, we have synthesized and reported the application of Nickel-Titania over Graphene (Gr@Ni/TiO2) nanocomposite which is reasonably efficient and highly durable. The catalyst (Gr@Ni/TiO2) 0.2 and 0.4 molar ratios were synthesized with the simple co-precipitation method."
	1.12. 25 Mar 2025, MDPI, Computational Methods, Artificial Intelligence, Modeling, and Simulation Applications in Green Hydrogen Production Through Water Electrolysis: A Review, "We focus on the potential of modeling and simulation in the fluid dynamics in production cells, thermodynamics and kinetic models in the electrochemical reaction, smart grid management, and cost-effectiveness, in addition to exploring the role of AI in predictive analytics and real-time optimization in the H2 production process and the future directions for scaling all computational methods into green H2 production technology."
	1.13. 18 Mar 2025, ACS, Comparing Intrinsic Catalytic Activity and Practical Performance of Ni- and Pt-Based Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer Cathode, "Here we report on recent work to understand interrelationships between the intrinsic activity of Ni- and Pt-based electrolyzer cathode catalysts and their performance in zero-gap alkaline water electrolyzer assemblies."
	1.14. 17 Mar 2025, BASF, BASF commissions 54-megawatt water electrolyzer, "Germany’s largest PEM electrolyzer has gone into operation at BASF’s Ludwigshafen site. Designed to produce zero-carbon H2, the electrolyzer has a connected load of 54 megawatts and the capacity to supply the main plant with up to one metric ton of this substantial chemical feedstock every hour."
	1.15. 16 Mar 2025, Nature, Best practices for in-situ and operando techniques within electrocatalytic systems, "Here, the overall aim is to help the field’s development by proposing technique-dependent frameworks that can be followed to draw valid, translatable interpretations of in-situ and operando data while minimizing often-encountered pitfalls such as false positives and mechanistic overreach."
	1.16. 13 Mar 2025, ACS, Nanoarchitectured N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Pt Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanotubes: Toward Advanced Electrocatalysis in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction, "Here we introduce nanocarriers like multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), effectively enhancing Pt-based electrocatalytic systems due to MWCNTs’ high surface area, electrical conductivity and mechanical strength."
	1.17. 11 Mar 2025, Nature, In-depth analysis of FeNi-based nanoparticles for the oxygen evolution reaction, "This study investigates the effect of varying iron-to-nickel ratios on the catalytic performance of Fe-Ni oxide nanoparticles (NPs) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) addressing the issue of high energy wastage due to large overpotentials in OER."
	1.18. 09 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Nickel cobalt oxide-based heterostructures as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction at industry-relevant conditions, "To assess their applicability in industry-like conditions, the performance of Ni plate-supported NiCo2Ox was investigated by chronopotentiometry at 40 °C in 1 M and 7 M KOH at 200 mA cm−2 using an H-type cell."
	1.19. 08 Mar 2025, ACS, Electrochemical N–N Oxidatively Coupled Dehydrogenation of 3,5-Diamino-1H-1,2,4-triazole for Value-Added Chemicals and Bipolar Hydrogen Production, "Here, we propose a bipolar H2 production approach, with anodic H2 generation from the N–N oxidatively coupled dehydrogenation (OCD) of 3,5-diamino-1H-1,2,4-triazole (DAT), in addition to the cathodic H2 generation."
	1.20. 05 Mar 2025, Nature, Iron-complex-based catalytic system for high-performance water oxidation in aqueous media, "Here we successfully integrate two essential features of the natural system: catalytic centre composed of ubiquitous metal ions and charge transporting site. The resulting material catalyses water oxidation with a Faradaic efficiency of up to 99% in aqueous media."

► R2. PROD: Bio / Pyrolysis / Radiolysis / Solar (20)

	2.1. 16 Apr 2025, ACS, Structural Analysis of Selenium Coordination Compounds and Mesoporous TiO2-Based Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation, "Here we report the synthesis and structural analysis of the first coordination compounds derived from the novel ligand bis((3-aminopyridin-2-yl)selanyl)methane (L) and investigate their potential application as cocatalysts for mesoporous titanium dioxide in H2(g) production via water photolysis under solar light simulation, using triethanolamine as the sacrificial agent."
	2.2. 14 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Low-temperature catalytic methane splitting: A new reactor design for long-term hydrogen production, "Here, low-temperature catalytic methane splitting was conducted using a commercial catalyst of nickel supported on silica/alumina. Several coated reactor configurations were tested based on the immobilization of the catalyst in a layer while maintaining enough free space for carbon growth and removal."
	2.3. 14 Apr 2025, Nature, Unassisted self-healing photocatalysts based on Le Chatelier’s principle, "Herein, we propose a newly designed unassisted self-healing mechanism based on dynamic equilibrium. When materials in this dynamic equilibrium state are damaged, the equilibrium shifts towards self-healing reactions because of Le Chatelier’s principle."
	2.4. 11 Apr 2025, ACS, Engineering rGO–Driven Z-Scheme Charge Dynamics in NH2-MIL-125(Ti)/ZIF-67 for Superior Green Energy Applications, "The field of photocatalytic H2O2 and H2 production has increasingly focused on inorganic–organic hybrid catalysts, owing to the benefits of merging the unique characteristics of both inorganic and organic components within a single composite."
	2.5. 09 Apr 2025, ACS, Hydrothermal Synthesis of Co-MoS2 as a Bifunctional Catalyst for Overall Water Splitting, "In this work, by an enhanced hydrothermal method, (42,43) the samples of Co–MoS2 with varying morphologies and particle sizes were synthesized. The introduction of the Co element results in the formation of additional defects and active centers."
	2.6. 09 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Mitigation of atmospheric and elevated methane by photochemical oxidation at ambient conditions, "Here we introduce a UV based methane oxidation system for mitigation of methane at atmospheric levels and above. Catalyst-free photochemical methane oxidation was achieved at ambient temperature and pressure using air and water vapor as sole reactants. Products included H2, H2O, CH2O and CO2 that have lower radiative forcing potential than methane."
	2.7. 07 Apr 2025, Nature, Antisite defect unleashes catalytic potential in high-entropy intermetallics for oxygen reduction reaction, "In this study, we report a PtZnFeCoNiCr high-entropy intermetallic electrocatalyst (PD-PZFCNC-HEI) with Pt antisite defects. The effects of the carbon support and pore-confinement on the intermetallic nanoparticles were studied."
	2.8. 05 Apr 2025, ACS, Atomic Layer Deposition of TixFe2–xO3 Photoanodes and Photocurrent Response Optimization Using the Response Surface Methodology, "Here, we report the photoelectrocatalytic performance of TixFe2–xO3 films deposited by atomic layer deposition using FeCp2 and Ti(OMe)4 as precursors. The response surface methodology (RSM) with a face-centered central composite design was used to model and optimize the photocurrent response of TixFe2–xO3 thin film photoanodes."
	2.9. 02 Apr 2025, Nature, Two-dimensional C20-based monolayers and heterostructures for photocatalytic overall water splitting, "In this study, we developed three distinct C20 monolayer configurations—α-C20, β-C20, and γ-C20—each with a unique bonding pattern between the fullerene units. These monolayers were systematically analyzed in terms of their bond lengths, electron localization function (ELF), and crystal orbital Hamiltonian population to understand their structural characteristics."
	2.10. 31 Mar 2025, Nature, Photothermal-promoted anion exchange membrane seawater electrolysis on a nickel-molybdenum-based catalyst, "Here, a multifunctional NiMo-based catalyst (NiMo-H2) composed of bimetallic Ni0.91Mo0.09 nanoparticles on MoO2 nanorods is demonstrated for the alkaline seawater hydrogen evolution reaction. The alloying effect and the nanorod-nanoparticle structure endow this catalyst with high structural stability, rapid electron transfer, and a large surface area."
	2.11. 27 Mar 2025, ACS, Integration of Gold Nanoparticles into BiVO4/WO3 Photoanodes via Electrochromic Activation of WO3 for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting, "Herein, we report an innovative approach to fabricating an Au/BiVO4/WO3 ternary junction that leverages the unique benefits of WO3 for efficient electron transport, BiVO4 for broadband light absorption, and Au nanoparticles (NPs) for surface plasmon effects. The BiVO4/WO3 binary junction was constructed by depositing a BiVO4 layer onto the surface of the WO3 nanobricks via consecutive drop casting."
	2.12. 26 Mar 2025, ACS, Sacrificial Agent-Controlled Photodeposition: Revealing Pt-Photodeposition Key Features of Pt-Nanoparticle Co-catalysts for Maximized Photocatalytic H2 Evolution, "Here, we elucidate the effects of various organic sacrificial hole capture agents (namely, formic acid, acetic acid, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, and acetaldehyde) utilized in a conventional Pt photodeposition process on the morphological features and photocatalytic performance of the resulting Pt co-catalysts."
	2.13. 24 Mar 2025, ACS, Bismuth Vanadate Capable of Driving One-Step-Excitation Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting, "Here, we demonstrate the three-dimensionally ordered macroporous BiVO4 with a carefully enlarged bandgap of 2.58 eV and a conduction band energy of −0.49 eV versus normal hydrogen electrode at pH 7.0."
	2.14. 22 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Sustainability assessment of hydrogen production via water electrolysis considering different configurations of solar photovoltaics-battery-grid systems in China, "This study evaluates the life cycle environmental and economic sustainability of renewable hydrogen production via polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis using solar photovoltaics as the main source of energy."
	2.15. 21 Mar 2025, ACS, Enhanced Solar-Driven Photocatalysis with CuTCPP/g-C3N4 for Hydrogen Production and Environmental Remediation, "Here the composite exhibited remarkable capabilities for photocatalytic hydrogen production, generating 350.00 μmol g–1 of hydrogen in just 2 h, which is 8.33 times higher than that produced by g-C3N4. To further elucidate the exceptional performance of this composite, photoelectrochemical techniques were employed to confirm its charge transfer path and validate the effective electron–hole separation mechanism within the heterostructure."
	2.16. 19 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Unravelling the photoactivity of metal-loaded TiO2 for hydrogen production: Insights from a combined experimental and computational analysis, "Our findings align closely with the observed hydrogen production rates, where UV/Vis-driven hydrogen production is governed by the coupling of hydrogen radicals on the co-catalyst surface, while visible-light-driven production is limited by charge carrier lifetimes."
	2.17. 19 Mar 2025, Nature, Coupling furfural oxidation for bias-free hydrogen production using crystalline silicon photoelectrodes, "In our study, we replace water oxidation with low-potential aldehyde oxidation to reduce the required photovoltage for PEC H2 production. Consequently, a single c-Si photoelectrode can generate H2 without external bias or the need for a secondary photoelectrode."
	2.18. 18 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Development and assessment of hybrid machine learning model of biomass pyrolysis process, "This research aims to develop a model of the pyrolysis of biomass feedstock at the commercial scale. Process flowsheet simulation is used in this study for conducting plant-wide economic and sensitivity analysis."
	2.19. 17 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Pressure-dependent growth of RF-sputtered WS2 nanostructures for enhanced hydrogen production via photoelectrochemical water splitting, "This study investigates the influence of process gas pressure during radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering on the growth dynamics and intrinsic properties of tungsten disulphide nanostructures for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting."
	2.20. 14 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Use of in-bed primary catalyst in pressurized biomass fluidized bed gasification: Strategies for optimal use, "The H2 temperature-programmed reduction profiles were performed using an Autochem 2910, Micromeritics, equipped with a thermal conductivity detector whereby the used dolomite & olivine bed particles were preheated at 200 °C in Ar, then heated until 800 °C in 5 vol% H2/Ar at heating rate of 10 °C min−1."

► R3. PROD: Geologic / Natural Hydrogen (20)

	3.1. 03 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, The source of hydrogen in earth's building blocks, "Here, we explore the amount of hydrogen in ECs as well as the phase that may carry this element using sulfur X-ray absorption near edge structure (S-XANES) spectroscopy. We find that hydrogen bonded to sulfur is prevalent throughout the meteorite, with fine matrix containing on average almost 10 times more Hsingle bondS than chondrule mesostasis."
	3.2. 31 Mar 2025, Primary H2, Primary Hydrogen Outlines Exploration Thesis for Dove Creek Project, "Hydrogen Potential at Dove Creek: Proven Hydrogen Generation Mechanisms: The presence of uranium-rich basement rocks supports potential hydrogen and helium generation via radiolysis, with historical exploration confirming anomalous concentrations of both gases in the region."
	3.3. 21 Mar 2025, ACS, Hydrogen-Induced Transformations in Dolomite: Unlocking Natural Hydrogen Exploration and Subsurface Storage in Carbonates, "This study examined physicochemical changes in dolomitic samples during high-pressure hydrogen ageing experiments. Results revealed significant dolomite dissolution alongside ankerite precipitation, with porosity and permeability increasing by up to 17 and 20%, respectively."
	3.4. 25 Feb 2025, Fleet Space - Koloma, Fleet Space & Koloma Partner to Enhance Data-Driven Natural (Geologic) Hydrogen Exploration, "Fleet Space, Australia’s leading space exploration company, and Koloma, an industry leader in technology-enabled natural hydrogen exploration, today announced a partnership to accelerate exploration and development of natural hydrogen resources worldwide."
	3.5. 18 Feb 2025, Primary, Primary Unveils 2025 Exploration Plan to Advance Natural Hydrogen Discovery, "Phase 1: Remote Sensing Studies – Q1-2/2025, Using satellite imagery and airborne hyperspectral analysis, Primary will identify hydrogen anomalies which will help refine target selection and optimize field investigations."
	3.6. 17 Feb 2025, ScienceDirect, Experimental approaches for characterization of water-hydrogen flow in reservoir rock, "This study investigates the water-hydrogen transport properties of homogeneous quartz-arenite Berea sandstone and heterogeneous Ironton/Galesville containing clay-rich bedding planes."
	3.7. 07 Feb 2025, RSC, Hydrogen energy futures – foraging or farming?, "As we transition towards a hydrogen-centric energy landscape, the amalgamation of geochemistry, advanced biology, and engineering emerges as a beacon, signalling a pathway towards a sustainable and transformative energy future."
	3.8. 23 Jan 2025, MIT, Why the next energy race is for underground hydrogen, "Hydrogen tends to build up in very different rocks from those that host oil and gas deposits. While fossil-fuel prospecting tends to focus on softer rocks, like organic-rich shale, hydrogen seems most plentiful in iron-rich rocks like olivine."
	3.9. 17 Jan 2025, Geoscience Australia, Soil gas surveys for hydrogen and helium in New South Wales, "This report summarises the results of field surveys looking for near-surface natural occurrences of hydrogen and helium (helium is used extensively today and extracted exclusively from natural gas) in eastern Australia near the township of Tumut in central New South Wales (NSW) and in western NSW, near the regional centres of Broken Hill, Menindee and Wentworth."
	3.10. 16 Jan 2025, USGS, USGS releases first ever map potential geologic hydrogen in US, "The map reveals areas of interest that have the potential to hold accumulations of geologic hydrogen, including a mid-continent region that covers Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota and Michigan, the Four Corners states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah, the California coast, and areas along the Eastern seaboard."
	3.11. 03 Jan 2025, Nature, Review on natural hydrogen wells safety, "The review explores potential solutions like metal coatings, rubber fillers, and cement additives to mitigate these problems. It also emphasizes the need for further research to validate these solutions under real-world conditions. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the safe and efficient extraction of natural hydrogen."
	3.12. 13 Dec 2024, SCIENCE.ORG, Model predictions of global geologic hydrogen resources, "The calculated annual flux of hydrogen from the subsurface to the atmosphere, which is the sum of the nontrapped and leaked hydrogen less the amount consumed by biotic and abiotic processes, was compared to published estimates as a check on our model calculations."
	3.13. 21 Nov 2024, MDPI, Influence of Nb Content on Structure and Functional Properties of Novel Multicomponent Nb–Ni–Ti–Zr–Co Alloy for Hydrogen Separation Membrane Application, "Here we find alloys with 20 and 32 at.% Nb demonstrate high hydrogen permeability (1.05 and 0.96 × 10−8 molH2m−1s−1Pa−0.5, respectively) at 400 °C, making them promising for hydrogen purification membrane application."
	3.14. 08 Nov 2024, FAU, Natural hydrogen – the treasure hidden underground, "The race to find this valuable gas underground is gaining speed and GeoZentrum Nordbayern at FAU is one of the institutions at the forefront of this race. The research project “Natural hydrogen in northern Bavaria” has supplied initial measurements that could revolutionize the energy system of the future."
	3.15. 03 Oct 2024, QUEBEC INNOVATIVE MATERIALS CORP, QIMC Announces Significant Natural H2 Discovery Expansion 11kms to the Northwest & New Land Acquisition bringing total H2 area to over 300 km2, "Recent findings have confirmed QIMC natural renewable H2 model via geology & rock formations in the region & further positions QIMC at the forefront of sustainable H2 energy solutions."
	3.16. 02 Aug 2024, ASX-Gold Hydrogen, ASX - Ramsay Project Stage 2 Exploration Well Testing Update, "Amongst highest Helium purities ever reported at 20% to 25%, extensive regional Hydrogen and Helium play and international first to see initial Helium and Hydrogen concentrations at surface with increasing concentrations of high Helium purities Hydrogen at surface."
	3.17. 15 Jul 2024, GeoScience Australia, Australia's Energy Commodity Resources 2024 - Natural H2, "Australia is one of the most prospective countries for natural H2. This geological resource is not well understood, but there are reports of high concentrations of H2 in gas samples. Interest in natural H2 is increasing & some state jurisdictions have started to amend their petroleum exploration licences for natural H2."
	3.18. 10 Jul 2024, HyTerra Ltd, Nemaha Project: Kansas, USA, prospective for natural H2 & He, "Nemaha’s exploration acreage covers 12,720 acres and is 100% owned and operated by HyTerra. Our leases have historic wells with more than 10 H2 & He occurrences within the region, some up to 92% H2 & 3% He. White H2 potentially has much lower production costs & carbon emissions than man-made H2."
	3.19. 26 Jun 2024, IEAGHG, Gold, Geologic, White, Native, Hidden, Natural H2: Does Earth hold extensive stores of untapped, carbon-free fuel?, "In recent months, there has been a surge of interest among prospectors, who are actively drilling for H2 in various locations around the world, including northeast France, Australia, Spain, Morocco, Brazil and, within the United States, in Nebraska, Arizona, and Kansas."
	3.20. 12 Jun 2024, Gold Hydrogen Ltd, Substantial investment laying the foundation for hydrogen use, "Gold hydrogen is naturally occurring hydrogen that: Accumulates naturally under the ground, generated by geological processes. Can be produced using proven engineering practices with minimal environmental impacts and has a small footprint compared to other exploration activities."

► R4. FUEL CELL: AEMFC / PEM / MCFC / SOFC (20)

	4.1. 17 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Characterization and testing of strontium titanium ferrite-based solid oxide cells for reversible and co-electrolysis operation, "This study investigates STF and STF-Ni as potential fuel electrode materials for SOCs, with a focus on their electrochemical activity and stability at 750 °C, during reversible operations with H2/H2O and CO/CO2 mixtures, and during H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis."
	4.2. 15 Apr 2025, ACS, Thermal Transient Performance of PEM Fuel Cells in Aerospace Applications: A Numerical Study, "This study employs a validated numerical simulation model to investigate the transient responses of a PEMFC subjected to thermal shock cycles, where the bipolar plate walls experience abrupt temperature drops to 10 °C for durations of 3 to 19 s."
	4.3. 04 Apr 2025, Nature, A novel Parrot Optimizer for robust and scalable PEMFC parameter optimization, "The study presents the Parrot Optimizer (PO) as a new metaheuristic algorithm which derives its inspiration from the adaptive behaviors of Pyrrhura Molinae parrots to overcome current optimization challenges."
	4.4. 30 Mar 2025, ACS, Toward Hydrogen Mobility: Challenges and Strategies in Electrocatalyst Durability for Long-Term PEMFC Operation, "By exploring the latest developments in catalyst durability, support materials, and strategies to overcome key performance barriers, this Perspective provides a comprehensive overview of the critical factors shaping the future of PEMFC technology."
	4.5. 28 Mar 2025, ACS, Fluorine-Lean Phosphonated Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity with High Oxygen Permeability as a PEMFC Catalyst Layer Ionomer, "Here we present a phosphonated PIM comprising a rigid, hydrophobic backbone and ion-conductive −PO3H2 groups. The physical properties of the pPIM were characterized by ex-situ methods, e.g., NMR, GPC, BET, TGA, and water uptake, while the performance of the pPIM as a catalyst layer ionomer was investigated through rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements and in situ fuel cell tests to determine the electrochemically active surface area and oxygen diffusion coefficient of the resulting catalyst layers."
	4.6. 25 Mar 2025, MDPI, PEMFC Thermal Management Control Strategy Based on Dual Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient, "The operational performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is highly influenced by temperature, making effective thermal management essential. However, the multivariate coupling between pumps and radiators presents significant control challenges. To address this issue, a dual DDPG-PID control strategy is proposed, integrating temperature and flow rate variations to enhance system stability and response."
	4.7. 18 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Cu-doped Titanium Suboxide Fuel Cell Catalyst Support Prepared by Sol-gel Method: Unveiling the Role of Cu as a Lone Dopant, "Here we seek to achieve a better understanding of the role of Cu as a dopant and reveal its contribution to activity and stability in the Pt/TOC during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and corresponding accelerated stress tests."
	4.8. 14 Mar 2025, ACS, Improving the Cold-Start Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells via Precision Engineering of Key Material, "This paper reviews the recent progress of the PEMFC cold start from the perspective of key materials engineering. It provides a detailed summary of how the proton exchange membrane (PEM), catalyst layer, microporous layer (MPL), and gas diffusion layer (GDL) affect the cold-start performance."
	4.9. 13 Feb 2025, Nature, Numerical investigation of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell conductivity at different parameters, "This study results indicate the performance of fuel cells is enhanced by a thinner membrane than a thicker one with an increase in loading & performance is approximated at light loads. Also, the concentration of H2O at the cathode side of the fuel cell is highly affected by the change in fuel cell length more than the thickness of the membrane."
	4.10. 11 Feb 2025, Nature, Revolutionizing proton exchange membrane fuel cell modeling through hybrid aquila optimizer and arithmetic algorithm optimization, "This paper introduces a recently developed hybrid algorithm (Aquila Optimizer Arithmetic Algorithm Optimization (AOAAO)) that enhances the AO and AAO algorithm’s efficiency through a novel mutation strategy, aimed at determining seven unknown parameters of a PEMFC during the optimization process."
	4.11. 10 Feb 2025, ScienceDirect, Techno-economic assessment of a solar-powered green hydrogen storage concept based on reversible solid oxide cells for residential micro-grid: A case study in Calgary, "This paper proposes an innovative concept for PV-based green hydrogen production, storage, and utilization using solid oxide cells within residential micro-grids. It includes comprehensive techno-economic and environmental analyses of the proposed system, utilizing dynamic solar data, with a case study focusing on Calgary."
	4.12. 08 Feb 2025, ScienceDirect, Experiments on maximizing H2 utilization and efficiency in a PEM fuel cell system, "This study investigates optimizing both H2 utilization & stack efficiency by adjusting purge valve actuation in a PEM fuel cell system & results show that reducing purging from the reference increases H2 utilization by 0.79% points to 98.2%, resulting in efficiency improvement of 0.72% points to 47.21% based on HHV."
	4.13. 07 Feb 2025, ACS, A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes, "This review offers a thorough summary and in-depth analysis of an extensive collection of research on SOFC simulations, classifying the models into distinct categories based on their varying scales, and serves as a valuable tool to assist researchers in selecting the most suitable models for diverse research objects."
	4.14. 04 Feb 2025, ACS, Stratified Porous Transport Layers for Unitized Reversible Fuel Cells, "In this study, we report stratification of porous transport layers (PTLs) with different architectures that facilitate gas and water transport in both operational modes. The stratified PTL is composed of two or more layers of titanium felts and/or sinters."
	4.15. 01 Feb 2025, ScienceDirect, Enhancing energy efficiency through combined PEMFC and MH systems and advanced exhaust management strategies, "Here an innovative system integrating PEMFC with Metal Hydrides was introduced. It utilizes the waste heat from the PEMFC to enhance hydrogen release from the MH, thereby improving overall energy efficiency."
	4.16. 15 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Hybrid stochastic-deterministic algorithms for the interpretation of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy spectra of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, "Here three of the most common stochastic algorithms, i.e. Genetic Algorithms (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms and Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithms, are used in combination with a deterministic Nelder-Mead algorithm for the identification of the impedance parameters of PEMFC EEC."
	4.17. 11 Jan 2025, Nature, A quasi affine transformation evolution algorithm with evolution matrix selection operation for parameter estimation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, "This paper presents a new approach that applies QUasi-Affine TRansformation Evolution algorithm with a new adaptation of Evolution Matrix and Selection operation (QUATRE-EMS) to determine optimal values of uncertain parameters in PEMFC stack references."
	4.18. 10 Jan 2025, IEEE, A primary frequency regulation algorithm for PEM fuel cell considering maximum power point characteristics, "This paper proposes a primary frequency regulation (PFR) algorithm for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) considering maximum power point (MPP) characteristics. Based on the principle of PEMFC electrochemical reaction, a dynamic model of PEMFC stack is developed with the current limitation of MPP."
	4.19. 08 Jan 2025, ACS, Same FeN4 Active Site, Different Activity: How Redox Peaks Control Oxygen Reduction on Fe Macrocycles, "Our study demonstrates the existence of two families of Fe macrocycles for oxygen reduction in alkaline electrolytes: (i) weak OH binding macrocycles with one peak in the voltammogram and high peroxide selectivity and (ii) macrocycles with close to optimal OH binding, which exhibit two voltametric peaks and almost no peroxide production."
	4.20. 01 Jan 2025, ACS, Transient Kinetic QXAFS Approach for Understanding the RDE–MEA Gap in Fuel Cell (Oxygen Reduction Reaction) Performances of Pt-Based Electrocatalysts, "There is a large gap between the performances indicated by rotating disk electrode results in acidic media and the actual performances obtained in membrane-electrode assemblies composed of the same electrocatalysts."

► R5. STORE: Type IV-V / MH / LH2 / LOHC / Geo (20)

	5.1. 14 Apr 2025, MDPI, Acoustic Losses in Cryogenic Hydrogen at Transitions Between Tubes of Different Diameters, "In this study, high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations are undertaken for acoustic oscillations at transitions between tubes of different diameters filled with cryogenic hydrogen."
	5.2. 05 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Thermo-economic analysis of blending hydrogen into natural gas pipeline with gaseous inhibitors for sustainable hydrogen transportation, "This study conducts a comprehensive thermo-economic analysis of natural gas and hydrogen mixtures with and without gaseous inhibitors, evaluating the impact on thermophysical properties (Wobbe index, density, viscosity, energy density, higher and lower heating values), compression power, economic feasibility and storage volume requirement."
	5.3. 02 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, The new merit order: The viability of energy-only electricity markets with only intermittent renewable energy sources and grid-scale storage, "Our paper shows how an equilibrium price emerges in a future energy-only market that is composed of 100% renewables plus storage - and no conventional generators. Thus, we are in world of zero marginal costs, without a traditional merit order defined by interlocking marginal costs of different generators."
	5.4. 29 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Blurring the lines between MOF and HOF: Permanently porous hydrogen-bonded framework UNAM-2 based on a Cu13 metal- organic anion and a diamidinium cation, "Here we describe the directed transformation of UNAM-1 into UNAM-2, another permanently porous HBF with enhanced stability towards solvents and activation, and a hitherto unknown topology based on the [CuIICuI12(HL)10(H2L)2]8– anion (referred to as Cu-MBB2) and terephthalamidinium cations [1,4-{(H2N)2C}2C6H4]2+ (TPDA2+)."
	5.5. 26 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Optimized activation of coffee-ground carbons for hydrogen storage, "Incorporating a novel dual activation process that combines chemical and physical activation our findings indicate that the two-step chemical activation yields superior results, producing activated carbons with a high specific surface area of 1680 m2/g and a micropore volume of 0.616 cm3/g. "
	5.6. 21 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Study of particle solidification growth evolution during slush hydrogen freeze-thaw process based on Phase Field-Lattice Boltzmann method, "LH2: This study explores the growth and aging mechanisms of slush hydrogen particles, which can provide theoretical guidance for the preparation of high-quality slush hydrogen."
	5.7. 11 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Performance evaluation of roll motion in offshore green hydrogen floating production storage and offloading with internal flow in liquid-hydrogen storage tanks, "This study examined the impact of different tank filling ratios through numerical simulations and physical model tests conducted in the Deep Ocean Engineering Basin of the Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering."
	5.8. 03 Mar 2025, ACS, Engineering Work Function to Stabilize Metal Oxides in Reactive Hydrogen, "Here we tailor the work function of a complex TM oxide by tuning the relative contents of its constituent TM atoms and show that increasing the fraction of a low-work function TM decreases the work function of the complex oxide."
	5.9. 02 Mar 2025, ACS, Adsorption-Induced Deformation in Microporous Kerogen by Hydrogen and Methane: Implications for Underground Hydrogen Storage, "Our results reveal that in the presence of cushion gases like CH4, which exhibit stronger adsorption than H2, neglecting kerogen deformation can lead to an underestimation of storage capacity by approximately 40%."
	5.10. 25 Feb 2025, ScienceDirect, Comprehensive DFT analysis of Cr-based XCrH3 (X = Li, K, Cs) metal hydride perovskites: Unveiling multifaceted properties and hydrogen storage potential, "This study explores the potential of perovskite hydrides XCrH3 (X = Li, K, Cs) for hydrogen storage materials using density functional theory (DFT). The lattice constants are calculated as 3.35, 3.73, and 4.03 Å for LiCrH₃, KCrH₃, and CsCrH₃, respectively."
	5.11. 20 Feb 2025, ScienceDirect, Insights into site evaluation for underground hydrogen storage on gas mixing-the effects of meter-scale heterogeneity and associated reservoir characterization parameters, "This study focuses on the UHS site evaluation of gas mixing. The economic implications of gas mixing between injected hydrogen gas and the residual or cushion gas in a porous storage reservoir is an emerging problem for Underground Hydrogen Storage."
	5.12. 07 Feb 2025, RSC, Latest developments in the synthesis of metal–organic frameworks and their hybrids for hydrogen storage, "This paper provides a comprehensive review of MOF synthesis and characterization, as well as their practical applications for H2 storage. We explore various MOF synthesis techniques, highlighting their impact on the nanopore structure and functionality."
	5.13. 07 Feb 2025, MDPI, Numerical Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Type V Hydrogen Pressure Vessels, "Herein, four composite materials with superior mechanical properties were selected and compared based on their burst pressure performance and life cycle assessment with materials—Kevlar, Basalt, E-Glass, and Carbon—were chosen due to their comparable mechanical properties and popularity for applications requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and the ability to minimise hydrogen leakage, a critical safety factor for pressure vessels."
	5.14. 02 Feb 2025, ACS, Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Hydrogen Storage Properties of an AB3-Based Alloy Synthesized by Disproportionation Reactions of AB2-Based Alloys, "Herein we report the synthesis, crystal structure, and hydrogen storage properties of an AB3-based alloy, Y0.68Mg0.32Co3.00, which exhibited reversible H2 absorption and desorption with a H2 storage capacity of 1.68 mass % and minimal degradation over 100 cycles at 303 K."
	5.15. 31 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Enhanced ambient-temperature hydrogen physisorption in porous graphene materials with defect-stabilized atomic potassium, "This work provides a new strategy for enhancing hydrogen physisorption by engineering alkali metal-centered nano-attractive environment in adsorbent materials."
	5.16. 25 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Underground hydrogen storage in sandstone reservoirs: Effects of geochemical reactivity of hydrogen on reservoir performance, "This study investigates the geochemical reactivity of hydrogen with Buntsandstein reservoir sandstones from northern Germany, collected at a depth of about 2.5 km."
	5.17. 21 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Advances in hydrogen storage technologies, "This paper summarises research on the development and validation of the breakthrough microleaks-no-burst (μLNB) safety technology of explosion-free in any fire self-venting Type IV tanks that do not require a thermally-activate pressure relief device."
	5.18. 17 Jan 2025, MDPI, Critical Geochemical and Microbial Reactions in Underground Hydrogen Storage: Quantifying Hydrogen Loss and Evaluating CO2 as Cushion Gas, "This study investigates the impacts of geochemical and biochemical reactions on UHS, addressing challenges that threaten storage efficiency and safety. Geochemical reactions in saline aquifers, particularly the generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), were analyzed using advanced compositional and geochemical modeling calibrated with experimental kinetic data."
	5.19. 17 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Knowledge production in technological innovation system: A comprehensive evaluation using a multi-criteria framework based on patent data—a case study on hydrogen storage, "Here we demonstrate the value of our proposal through a case study on hydrogen storage, comparing patent data since 2000 about three technological solutions: physical, chemical and adsorption technologies."
	5.20. 14 Jan 2025, ACS, Synthesis, Hydrogen Sorption Properties, and Hydride-Ion Conductivity of K2MgH4, "We synthesized K2MgH4 via three different routes (thermal, mechanochemical, and a combination of both methods) and investigated the effects of the preparation method on the structure, thermal stability, hydrogen desorption behavior, and ionic conductivity."

► R6. APP: Automotive / Rail Industry (20)

	6.1. 17 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Transitioning Australia’s land freight transport: Competition of fuel cell electric, battery electric, and internal combustion engine vehicle, "This study introduces an innovative freight transport model, incorporating a novel approach to calculating vehicle time costs, refuelling time, and energy intensity, applied to Australia’s freight sector. Findings indicate that under moderate development, battery electric vehicles gain a larger share in light commercial vehicles, while fuel cell electric vehicles dominate the truck segment."
	6.2. 03 Apr 2025, Hyundai, Hyundai Motor Reveals Bold and Efficient Hydrogen FCEV Concept Previewing New Design Language, "Hyundai Motor introduced the all-new NEXO at the Seoul Mobility Show 2025, marking a significant milestone in hydrogen mobility and the all-new NEXO targets more than 700 km of range from a five-minute charge."
	6.3. 28 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Comparative computational study of hydrogen and natural gas in high-pressure direct-injection (HPDI) compression-ignition engines: Combustion characteristics, thermal efficiency, and local pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, "Given the commercial feasibility of HPDI engines fueled by methane (or natural gas), this research aims to implement hydrogen in HPDI engines and identify key differences in combustion characteristics, efficiency, and pollutant emissions to guide the development of efficient low-carbon engine technologies."
	6.4. 20 Mar 2025, ACS, Effect of Auxiliary Hydrogen Injection in the Prechamber on the Combustion Process of a Natural Gas Engine, "In this study, it is suggested to use auxiliary hydrogen injection to improve the mixture in the prechamber, thereby improving the ignition performance of the prechamber jet."
	6.5. 06 Mar 2025, TEDA, 1st Batch of 200kW Hydrogen-Powered Trucks Rolled Out in TEDA, "The model is built on the Farizon Xinghan G platform and is equipped with the Rockcheck Hydrogen Power Fe6-200kW fuel cell system and a high-capacity Type IV onboard hydrogen storage system, features multiple breakthroughs in thermal management and intelligent driving technology."
	6.6. 19 Feb 2025, Komatsu, Komatsu begins proof-of-concept tests for the world’s first large dump truck equipped with a hydrogen combustion engine, "Komatsu has developed a concept machine by equipping its flagship large dump truck, the HD785 (maximum payload: approximately 92 metric tons), with a H2 combustion engine for proof-of-concept tests at its Ibaraki Plant as world’s first attempt to equip a large dump truck with a H2 combustion engine."
	6.7. 19 Feb 2025, Honda, Honda Reveals Specification for its Next-generation Fuel Cell Module, "An output of 150 kW, the Honda Next Generation Fuel Cell Module will feature half of the production cost and more than double the durability compared to the current model. Moreover, the module was downsized by increasing the volumetric power density*1 by more than three times, which increased the flexibility of installation layouts."
	6.8. 17 Feb 2025, ScienceDirect, Performance and emissions characteristics of hydrogen-diesel heavy-duty engines: The influence of engine control parameters, "This study investigates the impacts of these controlling parameters on the combustion characteristics, limiting factors, and emissions of an HDDF engine. Experimental tests were conducted on a 2.4 L, single-cylinder research engine under medium load and speed conditions (1200 rpm, 8 bar brake mean effective pressure) with varying H2 fractions."
	6.9. 14 Feb 2025, Toyota, Toyota Develops New Fuel Cell System, "The main features of the 3rd Gen FC System include an improvement in durability, up to 2x (two times) that of the prior generation, achieving durability comparable to diesel engines and maintenance-free design, improvements in fuel efficiency of 1.2x allowing for 20% greater range, and significant cost reduction through innovations in cell design & manufacturing processes."
	6.10. 29 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Transitioning to Sustainable E-Vehicle Systems – Global Perspectives on the Challenges, Policies and Opportunities, "Here we examined the available technological solutions and explored equitable infrastructure development such as promoting hybrid and renewable energy-powered solutions and establishing formal recycling units to bring in circularity for manufacturing and adoption of EV vehicles in both developed and developing economies."
	6.11. 10 Jan 2025, JCB, LANDMARK START TO 2025 AS JCB's HYDROGEN ENGINE APPROVED FOR USE, "This is a very significant moment for JCB. To start the New Year with certification in place in so many European countries bodes very well for the future of hydrogen combustion technology."
	6.12. 02 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Full emissions and energy consumption life cycle assessment of different Heavy-Duty vehicles powered by Electricity, H2, CH30H, and LNG fuels produced from various sources, "We provide a detailed Well to Wheels Life Cycle Assessment of various Heavy-duty Vehicles including a Long-Haul Truck, Intercity Bus, & Refuse Truck powered by different energy sources & fuels."
	6.13. 25 Dec 2024, ScienceDirect, Parameters affecting the reliability of sampling during the assessment of the purity of H2 used as a vehicle fuel, "We present information gathered in the project MetHyTrucks starting with the current and future operational parameters that are/will be used for the refuelling of trucks at HD H2 refuelling stations and then focussing on the parameters affecting the reliability of the sampling."
	6.14. 24 Dec 2024, GCK Mobility, GCK Mobility integrates innovative technologies to decarbonise transport, "Hybrid electric-hydrogen retrofitting involves replacing a vehicle’s internal combustion engine with an electric motor powered by a battery, which in turn is powered by a hydrogen-powered fuel cell. The hydrogen provides the energy needed for greater range, while the medium-capacity battery combines power and performance. The capacity of the hydrogen tank determines the range of the whole vehicle."
	6.15. 08 Dec 2024, MDPI, Simulation and Quantitative Assessment of Sensor Placement in a Hydrogen Bus for Risk Mitigation, "Hydrogen buses require space for luggage under the passenger cabin, and hydrogen tanks cannot be installed on the top of the buses due to their height limit. So, in the current layout, we placed the tanks inside the luggage cabin, surrounded by baffles."
	6.16. 21 Nov 2024, ScienceDirect, Exploring the dynamics of the transport system energy consumption in Australia − A preliminary systems modelling effort, "This study calls for more in-depth research about this problem to support policymakers with a decision-support tool to assist scenario analysis and intervention design over time toward achieving sustainable development goals within Australia’s transport system."
	6.17. 19 Nov 2024, MDPI, Explosions of Hydrogen Storages and the Safety Considerations in Hydrogen-Powered Railway Applications—A Review, "This paper systematically reviews hydrogen explosions in storage tanks operating under high pressure and low temperature, transportation processes, and usage scenarios. It covers the fundamental principles and classifications of hydrogen explosions, as well as analysis methods, including experimental testing and numerical simulations."
	6.18. 26 Sep 2024, CRRC, CRRC Launches Two Innovative Green Intelligent Trains at InnoTrans 2024, "CRRC Corporation Limited unveiled two groundbreaking products at InnoTrans 2024 in Berlin, Germany: the CINOVA H2 New Energy Intelligent Intercity Train and the Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 2.0, showcasing its commitment to pioneering eco-friendly and smart transportation solutions."
	6.19. 17 Aug 2024, ACS, Economic Case for Replacing High-Emitting Peaker Plants with Fuel Cells for Automotive Applications, "This study evaluates the techno-economics, operation, and environmental justice impacts of siting a peaker plant based on fuel cells for automotive applications through the lens of the existing Intermountain Power Plant, in order to supply peak power to the Los Angeles basin."
	6.20. 09 Aug 2024, IEEE, Development of a Cost Minimization Oriented Optimization Algorithm for Green Hydrogen Production in a Multi-Energy System Considering EVs and FCEVs Availability, "The proposed multi-energy system (MES) consists of green hydrogen production, a hydrogen refueling station for FCEVs, hydrogen injection into natural gas (NG), and a charging station for PEVs."

► R7. APP: Aviation / UAS Industry (20)

	7.1. 14 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, A review of hydrogen micromix combustion technologies for gas turbine applications "This review evaluates the state-of-the-art hydrogen micromix combustion technologies, focusing on injector performance, flashback characteristics, and NOx reduction strategies. Injector designs are categorized based on premixing and flame stabilization techniques."
	7.2. 26 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Stabilization and emissions characteristics of CH4–H2 blends in a premixed jet stabilized combustor "This study bridges a critical research gap on premixed jet-stabilized combustors operating on CH4/H2 fuel admixtures by providing a comprehensive experimental dataset that includes velocity fields, temperature, composition, and flame chemiluminescence for varying equivalence ratios and H2 content, varying from 0 to 100 % H2 by volume, in the fuel mixture."
	7.3. 25 Mar 2025, Airbus, Airbus showcases hydrogen aircraft technologies during its 2025 Airbus Summit "The four fuel cell systems would be supplied via two liquid hydrogen tanks and this concept will continue to be refined over the coming years as additional tests will help mature the technologies associated with hydrogen storage and distribution, as well as with the propulsion systems. Airbus are confident this provides the necessary power density for a hydrogen-powered commercial aircraft to evolve as the technology matures."
	7.4. 19 Mar 2025, MDPI, HStrategies to Increase Hydrogen Energy Share of a Dual-Fuel Hydrogen–Kerosene Engine for Sustainable General Aviation "This paper focuses on strategies to mitigate these irregular combustion phenomena while effectively increasing the H2 energy share. Experimental evaluations were conducted on an engine test bench using a one-cylinder dual-fuel H2 kerosene engine, utilizing two strategies, including water injection & rising the air–fuel ratio by increasing the boost pressure."
	7.5. 15 Mar 2025, ScienceDirect, Hydrogen–electric–thermal coupling analysis and validation of superconducting turbo-electric hybrid propulsion system "This study focuses on the design of a liquid hydrogen-cooled superconducting TEHPS, incorporating detailed models for key components, including the hydrogen turbine engine, fuel cell, and superconducting machines."
	7.6. 11 Feb 2025, Fabrum, Fabrum launches hydrogen testing facility at Christchurch airport (NZ) to accelerate zero emission aviation "Fabrum at Christchurch Airport offers a world-class facility that supports the development & testing of H2 solutions to support global decarbonisation efforts. Having LH2 as an aviation fuel available on-site is vital for the aviation sector, rapidly advancing towards hydrogen-fuelled operations to unlock a zero-emissions future."
	7.7. 26 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Improved sliding mode temperature control of hydrogen fuel cells for multirotor drones "The research findings provide important references for the efficient operation of hydrogen drones, promote the application, and propel the application and maturation of hydrogen-based fuel cell technology in the drone area."
	7.8. 23 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Energy equivalent consumption and optimization strategies for hybrid hydrogen fuel systems in multirotor drones "This paper presents an improved Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) designed to optimize energy management for the hybrid hydrogen fuel power setups in multirotor drones. The proposed strategy aims to reduce hydrogen consumption and enhance the performance of the system consisting of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) and lithium batteries."
	7.9. 22 Jan 2025, CQU, Research to help hydrogen-electric aircraft take off "The project – supported by the Regional University Industry Collaboration (RUIC) Program – aims to design a heat management system for a high temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) system that will help accelerate Stralis’ efforts to integrate the fuel cell into their hydrogen powered aircraft."
	7.10. 10 Jan 2025, NASA, Hydrogen Hybrid Power for Aviation Sustainable Systems (Hy2PASS) "Hy2PASS: the specific architecture of hybridization, how it changes the fundamental elements of the aircraft integration, and how these holistic design changes can be leveraged to simultaneously result in large reductions in mission energy required while practically introducing a zero-emissions solution."
	7.11. 03 Dec 2024, FAA, Hydrogen-Fueled Aircraft Safety and Certification Roadmap "At the forefront of our efforts is aviation safety. We have developed this roadmap to outline the current knowledge, key research priorities, and collaborative efforts essential to enabling the safe use of hydrogen in civil aviation aircraft. This roadmap was developed in collaboration with several FAA offices."
	7.12. 13 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Hydrogen propulsion systems for aircraft, a review on recent advances and ongoing challenges "H2 as a fuel for the aircraft propulsion systems is considered and a comprehensive overview of the H2 propulsion systems in aviation is presented with an emphasis on the technical aspects crucial for creating a more sustainable and efficient air transportation sector."
	7.13. 12 Sep 2024, ZeroAvia, ZeroAvia Completes $150m Series C Financing "ZeroAvia has extensively flight tested a prototype of its first ZA600-engine aboard a Dornier 228 aircraft at its UK base and the application for certification is underway with the CAA & also performed advanced ground tests in the US and UK for the key building block technologies for the ZA2000 system, including cryogenic tanks for LH2."
	7.14. 20 Aug 2024, ScienceDirect, Investigation on the heat transfer estimation of subcooled liquid hydrogen for transportation applications using intelligent technique, "Hydrogen as a green energy carrier has become the center of attention in the recent years. The main reason behind this recent hype around hydrogen is the Net-zero programs in different countries around the world to curb CO2 emissions,"
	7.15. 11 Jul 2024, Joby Aviation, Joby demonstrates potential for emissions-free regional journeys with landmark 523-mile (841 km) hydrogen-electric flight, "Landmark 523 mile flight, with water as the only by-product; Flight demonstrates potential for emissions-free regional travel; Hydrogen-electric program supported through Joby’s partnership with the U.S. Air Force’s Agility Prime program."
	7.16. 27 Jun 2024, Auora Aviation, Fuel Cell Powers SKIRON-XLE sUAS for Long Range Reconnaissance, "Aurora uses a customized version of UGCS-Defense, which meets international STANAG 4586 standards as well the US Army’s Interoperability standards, Modular Open Systems Approach to software and hardware interoperability, plus Trillium payloads & fuel cell from Intelligent Energy."
	7.17. 19 Jun 2024, AMSL Aero, HOW THE MISSION FOR NEXT GENERATION OF eVTOL AIRCRAFT IS EVOLVING, "Sydney-based company AMSL Aero recently secured federal government funding to develop an autonomous VTOL firefighting aircraft: eight-motor, lightweight, box-wing design, with a hydrogen-electric powertrain capable of delivering up to 540nm of range at speeds of up to 160kt."
	7.18. 23 May 2024, Airbus, Airbus takes superconductivity research for hydrogen-powered aircraft a step further, "Cryoprop will confirm the potential of superconducting technologies for future aircraft, assessing all aspects related to safety, industrialisation, maintenance & operations, and give Airbus opportunity to develop high-level, in-house expertise & foster a new ecosystem to accelerate the introduction of new products."
	7.19. 16 May 2024, Airbus, Innovative aviation liquid hydrogen project launched, "The Ground Operations of LIquid hydrogen AircrafT project* will receive funding of €10.8 million from the EU’s Horizon Europe Framework Programme via the European Climate, Infrastructure & Environment Executive Agency. In four years project will show high-flow LH2 handling & refuelling technologies can be developed & used safely & reliably for airport operations."
	7.20. 15 Apr 2024, ScienceDirect, Optimal design of proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems for regional aircraft, "The results show that it is beneficial to optimize these performance criteria simultaneously in a pareto optimization problem. The aircraft’s electrical power demand of 3.12 MW is provided by ten identical 312 kW fuel cell systems that are distributed along the wing."

► R8. APP: Defence / Military Industry (20)

	8.1. 27 Feb 2025, NovaSpark, HYDROGEN DRONE FUELING RAPID DRONE CHARGING "Hydrogen Fueling for Drones: NovaSpark's mobile atmospheric hydrogen generators provide an efficient and portable solution for refueling hydrogen-powered drones anywhere."
	8.2. 17 Feb 2025, BlueBird, BlueBird Revolutionizes Tactical VTOL UAVs with Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology "The WanderB-VTOL is an electric VTOL Mini-UAS, designed for rapid deployment and operation in any environment. Combat-proven, it can effectively function in GPS-denied and spoofed conditions. This VTOL UAV has unprecedented flight endurance of over six (6) hours, unmatched reliability and a sustainable energy solution."
	8.3. 06 Feb 2025, Haskel, Why Hydrogen-Powered Drones Are Essential in Defense Applications "Hydrogen-powered drone technology is slowly becoming one of the most common forms of aerial vehicles used by organizations in the defense industry. Because drones have an acoustic and vibration signature ideal for surveillance and recon missions, they are often used in military operations."
	8.4. 31 Jan 2025, Research & Markets, Military Power Solutions Research Report 2025: Rising Demand for High-Capacity Batteries and Compact Power Units, Renewable Energy Integration Amidst Defense Modernization Efforts "Hydrogen fuel cells are gaining prominence in the military as an alternative power source due to their high energy density and long operational duration. These fuel cells offer the advantage of extended runtime, making them ideal for powering portable systems such as soldiers' gear, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and remote equipment in the field. Fuel cells operate efficiently in harsh conditions, providing a reliable power source even in extreme temperatures, which is often a challenge for conventional batteries."
	8.5. 15 Jan 2025, Heven Drones, HevenDrones Partners with SmartShooter for Drone Defense "Heven's hydrogen-powered, runway-independent drones are designed with endurance and adaptability in mind. Built for the most complex missions, Heven's drones operate anywhere—efficiently, quietly, and reliably— providing the warfighter with the technology to get the job done."
	8.6. 08 Jan 2025, US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center celebrates US Army’s first hydrogen-powered nanogrid "The nanogrid at WSMR uses renewable H2 fuel to replace traditional bulky, noisy diesel generators. It provides power to a surveillance camera system and meteorological weather equipment, supporting continuous, unattended operation in a remote off-grid location. The nanogrid enables this equipment to operate in the particular location where “silent watch” capabilities of H2-powered generation are needed in a pristine environment."
	8.7. 10 Sep 2024, GeoPura, GeoPura Hydrogen Power Trial Advances Green Energy for UK Ministry of Defence Sites "GeoPura, a leading provider of zero-emission energy solutions, is proud to announce the successful completion of a landmark hydrogen power trial with the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The trial successfully introduced and utilised hydrogen on military bases to generate electricity to recharge electric cars."
	8.8. 19 Aug 2024, Blueflite, Blueflite, an innovator in advanced drone technology, is proud to announce its participation in the Northern Strike 2024 "Blueflite® CEO Frank Noppel said the Northern Territory is the ideal location to develop, test and deploy long-range hydrogen powered UAVs which have the potential to shrink distances, increase services in remote areas and decarbonise last mile transportation."
	8.9. 08 Jul 2024, NATO Energy Security, Executive Summary of the field experiment conducted by NATO ENSEC COE in the summer of 2023, utilizing Hydrogen Fuel Cell technology within the military environment "The field trial, conducted at French military site in Gergy “CIEP,” was a unique endeavor that provided a “close to mission” environment. The trial involved using 2xH2 fuel cells for 400W & 1000W."
	8.10. 08 May 2024, Janes, DSA 2024: Malvus Sense unveils hydrogen-electric-powered VTOL UAS "Malaysian firm Malvus Sense unveiled the CW-25H, a new H2-electric-powered vertical take-off & landing in collaboration with Chinese UAS firm JOUAV at the Defence Services Asia 2024. Powered by hydrogen-electric hybrid technology, the CW-25H has a flight time of up to 330 minutes. The two companies are collaborating on UASs for the Malaysian Armed Forces."
	8.11. 22 Apr 2024, University of Sydney, Medical drone project receives $3.6 million to close health gap in rural and remote Australia "The medical drone is being designed to enable early detection, prevention, and treatment of health conditions common in rural and remote regions of Australia, such as sepsis and to actively contribute. Militarily, US Air Force: Drones essential to combat medicine."
	8.12. 15 Apr 2024, Military Aerospace Communications, Japan pours billions of yen into plan to build the world’s largest hydrogen fuel cell for aviation "Japan's New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO), a government research agency, is using $86 million in funds to develop a 4MW hydrogen fuel cell by 2029 & by developing technology for components that make up fuel-cell electric propulsion systems for aircraft applications."
	8.13. 15 Apr 2024, BWR, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Microgrid Project: Energy Innovation, Integration and Assurance "BWR Innovation announces it was recently granted a two-year subcontract by The Global Connective Center, LLC as a part of an agreement with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to develop and integrate capabilities for a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Microgrid (H2MG) to promote operation energy resilience."
	8.14. 07 Apr 2024, H2 IQ, HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS: POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE US MILITARY "The US Army’s recent initiative to award up to $1.8 million for clean hydrogen-fuel technologies underscores the military’s commitment to reducing its carbon footprint. These investments are focused on pioneering solutions that could revolutionize energy consumption in combat and peacetime scenarios alike."
	8.15. 02 Apr 2024, Honeywell, Honeywell Wins Contract To Develop Hydrogen Fuel Cell Power System For U.S. Army Soldiers "Honeywell’s small fuel cell will be used on the move to charge batteries and power equipment, reducing the number of spare batteries needed by the soldier or squad. Additionally, the system is designed to complement standard electronic equipment a U.S. soldier already uses."
	8.16. 12 Mar 2024, Cellula Robotics, Metron and Cellula Robotics, USA Sign a Strategic Partnership Agreement to Advance UUV Capabilities for Long Duration Operations in Dynamic Environments "Cellula’s Solus-LR and Solus-XR platforms (the latter with an operational range of at least 5,000 kilometers), will be equipped with Cellula’s cutting-edge hydrogen fuel cell technology."
	8.17. 11 Dec 2023, SKYCORP Technologies, e-Drone Zero "The e-Drone Zero is a surveillance-focused H2 drone. As a multirotor configuration, it is nimble, compact, resilient & capable of acting off-grid as necessary. Extended Flight Times – 90-120 min; Refueling 2-5 min; On-board Processing – Support for AI; EO-IR Payload; Comms – Radio/LTE/5G/Satcom."
	8.18. 10 Nov 2023, Airgas, Airgas Awarded the 2024 Military Friendly® Gold Recognition Employer Designation "Airgas, an Air Liquide company, has earned the Gold Level Recognition and been named by VIQTORY to the 2024 Military Friendly® Employers list for the second year in a row, following three consecutive years with Silver Level Designation."
	8.19. 06 Sep 2023, Infinite Composites, INFINITE COMPOSITES SIGNS $1.6MUSD ARMY CONTRACT TO DEVELOP CONFORMABLE FUEL TANKS FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE "The DoD has created several initiatives to increase funding to develop new and improved hydrogen technologies for military vehicles including aircraft, ground support, and marine applications."
	8.20. 04 Sep 2023, Naval Technology, Recharge AUVs without a mothership: US trials hydrogen fuel cell "Saab AUV is being equipped with the Subsea Supercharger from Teledyne Energy Systems & the fuel cell uses technology to extend the AUV’s mission duration, and by reducing the requirement to reconnect with a surface vessel it also reduces the risk and the cost of operations."

► R9. APP: Marine / Maritime Industry (20)

	9.1. 12 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Rux Energy and Serco Collaborate on Groundbreaking Hydrogen Storage Project Funded by Connected Places Catapult "This paper presents a novel investigation into battery-hybrid electric propulsion systems using alternative fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia, integrating optimal load control mechanisms with real-time lifecycle assessment models."
	9.2. 27 Mar 2025, Rux Energy Serco, Rux Energy and Serco Collaborate on Groundbreaking Hydrogen Storage Project Funded by Connected Places Catapult "Rux Energy’s breakthrough solution incorporates a patented advanced nanoporous material, which fill the void of a tank, acting like a “sponge” for hydrogen molecules, increasing its density, allowing hydrogen to be stored at more moderate temperatures and lower pressures – this increases energy efficiency and radically improves safety, at a fraction of the cost of traditional storage methods."
	9.3. 25 Feb 2025, Zepp.solutions, Zepp.solutions to supply hydrogen fuel cell systems for zero-emission river cruise vessel "Zepp.solutions will supply the fuel cell systems used in the retrofit of an existing cruise vessel with a fully modular hydrogen and battery-electric drivetrain. The H2 fuel cell systems will deliver a power output exceeding 1MW, using Zepp’s X150 fuel cell modules – a system that has already proven itself in heavy-duty applications such as H2-powered trucks"
	9.4. 27 Jan 2025, Yanmar, Yanmar Hydrogen Engine Production Plan Approved Under Zero-Emission Ships Project "Yanmar project aims to establish an advanced production system for zero-emission ships powered by hydrogen and batteries. By developing essential production facilities for hydrogen-fueled propulsion systems, the initiative seeks to reduce CO2 emissions through market adoption while boosting industrial competitiveness and economic growth."
	9.5. 20 Dec 2024, SWITCH Maritime, Sea Change Hydrogen Ferry Demonstration Project "Welcome aboard Sea Change, the world’s first commercial hydrogen fuel-cell powered ferry. Sea Change will be operating special trips on SF Bay Ferry’s Pier 41. Rides are free. MV Sea Change is owned by SWITCH Maritime, and was developed by the company with support from a grant provided by the California Air Resources Board."
	9.6. 30 Oct 2024, Yanmar, Successful Operation at Rated Output in the Trial of a H2 4-Stroke High-Speed Engine for Coastal Vessels "The tested pilot-ignition H2 engine operates by using a small amount of diesel oil as the ignition source (pilot fuel) to burn a premixture of hydrogen and air. With this operation, the engine achieved the world’s highest H2 fuel ratio and an output of approximately 500 kW, leading the industry."
	9.7. 13 Oct 2024, MDPI, A Technical Study on an Integrated Closed-Loop SOFC & NH3 Decomposition System for Marine Application "This study result proves that the integrated system of NH3 cracking SOFCs can maintain a self-balanced condition, ensuring adequate SOFC heat supply for the ammonia cracking process to produce H2 while supporting normal SOFC operation & generating heat."
	9.8. 24 Sep 2024, FCHEA, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Develoipments in Marine Transportation "The Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association (FCHEA) is the leading industry association in the United States representing more than one hundred leading organizations advancing production, distribution, and use of innovative, clean, safe, and reliable hydrogen energy."
	9.9. 16 Sep 2024, DNV, DNV awards AiP to HD Hyundai for 80K CBM electric propulsion Liquefied Hydrogen Carrier: An innovative solution to enable large-scale H2 shipping "The vessel is equipped with HD Hyundai's new large LH2 tanks featuring advanced vacuum insulation and an electric propulsion system with H2 Dual Fuel HiMSEN engines, allowing flexible fuel use between diesel and hydrogen."
	9.10. 03 Sep 2024, DNV, HYPERMOTIVE AND HONDA COLLABORATE TO BRING INNOVATIVE HYDROGEN POWER SOLUTION TO THE MARITIME SECTOR "Developed in collaboration with Honda, and underpinned by Hypermotive’s SYSTEM-X technology, X-M1 is a scalable, modular, hydrogen fuel cell power system that makes clean energy transition more accessible and achievable for maritime operators."
	9.11. 19 Aug 2024, MDPI, Hydrogen Production from Wave Power Farms to Refuel Hydrogen-Powered Ships in the Mediterranean Sea "This paper explores the technoeconomic viability of harnessing wave energy from the Mediterranean Sea to produce green hydrogen for hydrogen-powered ships. Four promising island locations—near Sardegna, Galite, Western Crete, and Eastern Crete—were selected."
	9.12. 12 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Zero-emission propulsion system featuring, Flettner rotors, batteries and fuel cells, for a merchant ship "Here we propose a zero-emission hybrid hydrogen-wind-powered propulsion system to be retrofitted to a benchmark merchant ship with a conventional propulsion system. The ship and its propulsion systems are modelled using an in-house platform."
	9.13. 11 Jul 2024, MDPI, Opportunities and Challenges of Hydrogen Ports: An Empirical Study in Australia and Japan "This paper investigated the opportunities and challenges of integrating ports into hydrogen (H2) supply chains in the context of Australia and Japan because they are leading countries in the field and are potential leaders in the upcoming large-scale H2 trade."
	9.14. 19 Jun 2024, Energys-Anlegg, Energys and Anlegg & Marine Service Join Forces to Propel Zero Emissions Maritime Solutions in Norway "Energys for small - medium vessels: 90kW, 135kW, and 270kW Marine Powerhouses. For medium - large vessels: 1MW, 2MW, and 3MW Marine Powerhouses - delivering high power output with exceptional fuel efficiency for ferries, Ro-Ro ships, tugs & large ocean vessels."
	9.15. 11 May 2024, ScienceDirect, Hydrogen as a deep sea shipping fuel: Modelling the volume requirements "This study focused on one potential future fuel for shipping: hydrogen. The justification is that other leading candidates for future fuels (such as e-methanol and e-ammonia) require a hydrogen feedstock for production. Therefore, hydrogen will always be less energy intensive to produce than either of these fuels."
	9.16. 04 May 2024, Feadship, Feadship ushers in the fuel-cell era with the launch of 118.80-metre Project 821 "Project 821 has a cryogenic fuel tank aboard that holds 92 m2 (some 4 tonnes) of hydrogen, the sixteen compact fuel cells, their switchboard connection to the DC electrical grid, and the vent stacks for the escaping water vapour added four metres to the yacht's original specification length."
	9.17. 25 Apr 2024, Rice University, Underwater robot pioneers new energy-efficient buoyancy control "The robot serves as PoC for fuel cell-based buoyancy control devices to reduce operating costs for remotely operated or autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) with applications ranging from environmental monitoring & oceanographic research to military & industrial tasks, providing a quieter, more energy-efficient alternative to conventional thruster-driven AUVs."
	9.18. 18 Apr 2024, LR, LR to class Torghatten Nord’s H2-powered ferry duo for Arctic sailings "Two H2-powered passenger ferries ordered by Torghatten Nord are set for Lloyd’s Register class following Approval in Principle awarded 08/2022. Designed by The Norwegian Ship Design Company to operate in the challenging waters of the Vestfjordstrekninga fjord in the Arctic Circle, the two vessels will be built at Norwegian shipyard, Myklebust Verft."
	9.19. 14 Mar 2024, EnergyObserver, Through expeditions and innovations, Energy Observer is exploring practical solutions whilst developing new technologies to accelerate ecological transition "The boat and her onboard technologies are exposed to harsh environmental conditions, shocks, and extreme temperatures, and fitted with 8 carbon fiber tanks holding a total of 62kg of hydrogen at 350 bar."
	9.20. 13 Mar 2024, Sandia National Laboratories, Maritime Applications for Hydrogen Fuel Cells "H2 fuel cells have a long track record of supplying efficient, clean power for a wide range of applications, including forklifts, mobile lighting, emergency backup power systems & light-duty vehicles. Conducting research for these applications, Sandia has also studied the feasibility, optimization, applications & safety of H2 fuel cells used in maritime settings."

► R10. APP: Smelting [Al / Cu / Fe] Industry (20)

	10.1. 01 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Experimental investigation of the oxidation behaviour of stainless steel exposed to different air- and oxy-fuel natural gas or hydrogen combustion atmospheres and temperatures during reheating on a semi-industrial scale "This study investigates the impact of air- and oxy-fuel combustion with natural gas and hydrogen on the scaling behaviour of EN 1.4307 (AISI 304L) stainless steel. The residual oxygen, and the sample core temperature, 1200 °C and 1300 °C, were varied."
	10.2. 21 Mar 2025, MDPI, The Extractive Industry’s Decarbonization Potential Using Electrification and Hydrogen Technologies "Here the reduction of CO2 emissions is analyzed, and a breakthrough route for H2S decomposition is presented, which is a by-product of the direct reduction of sulfide ores with H2. Electrified indirect-fired metallurgical kiln advantages are also presented, a solution that can substitute fossil fuel-based heating technologies, which is one of the main backbones of industrial processes currently applied to the extractive industries."
	10.3. 14 Mar 2025, Cell Press, Techno-economic analysis of low-carbon hydrogen production pathways for decarbonizing steel and ammonia production "This study provides an extensive analysis of the economics of clean hydrogen production for decarbonizing steelmaking and ammonia synthesis via three key production routes: fossil-based routes including steam methane reforming with and without carbon capture and sequestration and autothermal reforming with CCS, grid-powered electrolysis (with and without on-site renewables), and off-grid renewable-driven electrolysis."
	10.4. 05 Mar 2025, WWF-Deloitte, Report: Forging Futures: Changing the nature of iron and steel production "The report found that developing Australia’s green iron manufacturing capacity, producing iron with renewable hydrogen and exporting it to countries like Japan and Korea for steelmaking was the most economically competitive option for Australia."
	10.5. 27 Feb 2025, HYBRIT, HYBRIT: Large-scale storage of fossil-free hydrogen gas successfully proven "HYBRIT’s pilot project for hydrogen gas storage has now been completed and reported to the Swedish Energy Agency. The results show that it is technically possible to store fossil-free hydrogen gas for producing fossil-free iron and steel on an industrial scale."
	10.6. 12 Feb 2025, ScienceDirect, Towards net-zero in steel production: Process simulation and environmental impacts of carbon capture, storage and utilisation of blast furnace gas "In an attempt to understand better the environmental impacts of emerging decarbonisation options for the steel industry, this study investigates for the first time the integration of CL-RWGS and FT processes to convert BFG into transport fuels. Using process simulation and life cycle assessment (LCA), it estimates the life cycle impacts of this novel CCU approach for BFG decarbonisation."
	10.7. 08 Feb 2025, ACS, Prospective Life Cycle Assessment Suggests Direct Reduced Iron Is the Most Sustainable Pathway to Net-Zero Steelmaking "This study explores pathways to achieve net-zero CO2eq emissions in the iron and steelmaking industry while minimizing environmental burdens beyond climate change. We conducted a comprehensive attributional life cycle assessment using the net-zero-CO2eq-emissions framework, incorporating both conventional and prospective life cycle assessment methods."
	10.8. 05 Feb 2025, MDPI, Strategic Selection of a Pre-Reduction Reactor for Increased Hydrogen Utilization in Hydrogen Plasma Smelting Reduction "This work aims to compare possible be around 20% lower compared to conventional integrated steel mills. The status of reactor types and propose the most suitable one for the pre-heating and pre-reduction of the process development is currently at technology readiness level 5, as a demonstration iron ores with HPSR off-gas."
	10.9. 03 Feb 2025, BLASTR, Blastr Green Steel completes partner financing round for ultra-low CO2 steel value chain "Blastr is creating a low-carbon mine-to-gate steel value chain with 90% lower C0₂ emissions than conventional steelmaking by using hydrogen instead of coal in the iron production process and feedstock made with carbon-free energy. This mine-to-gate model enables a differentiated and profitable business model with a low carbon footprint."
	10.10. 01 Feb 2025, ScienceDirect, Laterite ore processing with hydrogen via mild chemical pressure leaching or bioleaching "Chemical laterite leaching with hydrogen under pressure at 50 bar and ambient temperature also succeeded in metal extraction; however, the leaching efficiency strongly depended on the laterite mineralogical composition."
	10.11. 09 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, Global steel decarbonisation roadmaps: Near-zero by 2050 "This paper analyses the current state of research through a critical review of global iron and steel decarbonisation roadmaps to 2050. The consensus among scenarios and modelled pathways is that the sector will achieve near-zero emissions, falling short of net-zero targets by around 10%."
	10.12. 09 Jan 2025, ScienceDirect, A novel rotary-cavity reactor for sustainable solar metallurgy: Design and experimental demonstration of direct reduction of iron ore "A novel rotary-type solar reactor was designed, constructed and tested for demonstration of hydrogen-based direct iron ore reduction under real direct solar irradiation. Such a solar reactor concept for clean ironmaking has never been implemented before."
	10.13. 09 Dec 2024, MDPI, High Efficiency in Clean Hydrogen Production Using Water and AlLi Phases Prepared by Mechanical Alloying "The material was prepared by mechanical alloying using a high-energy Spex-type mill in an Al20Li ratio. Relatively short milling times were programmed for the preparation of AlLi phases. Through this process, two phases were identified, which react efficiently to produce clean h2."
	10.14. 21 Nov 2024, ScienceDirect, Utilization of H2 fuel in reheating furnace & its effect on oxide scale formation of low-carbon steels "Here the oxidation behavior of low-carbon steels is investigated in a dynamic heating test to a max temp. 1180 °C in simulated reheating conditions & aims to determine effects of fuel gas transition from fossil fuels to H2 on the oxide scale formation of different low-carbon steels."
	10.15. 23 Oct 2024, Stegra, Green Steel - Say goodbye to a major polluter. Our near-zero emission steel will be the greenest ore-based steel produced at scale "Here the oxygen in the ore bonds with H2 producing H2O as a byproduct & at the same time making the iron ready for use in steelmaking. Scaled green H2 production enables the transition of hard-to-abate industries towards sustainability."
	10.16. 09 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Effect of location on green steel production using Australian resources "This study compares the cost and CO2 emissions associated with green steel production as a function of location for the components in its supply chain between Australia & China & results are benchmarked against a new facility using conventional coal-based technology."
	10.17. 09 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, Particle-resolved computational modeling of hydrogen-based direct reduction of iron ore pellets in a fixed bed. Part II: Influence of the pellet sizes and shapes "This study emphasizes the importance of accurate bed reconstruction and provides critical insights for optimizing the hydrogen-based direct reduction process in industrial applications."
	10.18. 20 Aug 2024, Austrade, Australia forges a future made from green steel "Australia has plenty of the minerals – magnetite and hematite – and renewable energy resources to make green steel. Supporting infrastructure is in place and expanding. The Australian Government’s 2024–25 Budget includes A$18.1 million over six years from 2024–25 for Green Metals Foundational Incentives."
	10.19. 16 Aug 2024, Fortescue, Fortescue starts works on Green Metal Project "Fortescue has marked a new milestone in its mission to build a green metal supply chain with the start of works at its Green Metal Project in the Pilbara WA. The plant will use green H2 produced at Fortescue’s gaseous & LH2 facility, the largest of its kind in Australia, together with an electric smelting furnace to produce high purity green metal."
	10.20. 09 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Global demand for green hydrogen-based steel: Insights from 28 scenarios "We examine 28 existing scenarios to provide a cohesive view of future global demand. In the short term, the demand for green hydrogen-based steel is expected to be limited, constituting 2% of current total steel production by 2030 & transformation phase expected around 2040, marked by accelerated growth."

► R11. APP: Space Industry (20)

	11.1. 04 Apr 2025, Honda, Honda R&D to Conduct Testing with Sierra Space and Tec-Masters on the International Space Statio "Honda is leveraging decades of hydrogen fuel cell technology expertise to develop a regenerative fuel cell system, known as a circulative renewable energy system, that will continuously produce oxygen, hydrogen, and electricity."
	11.2. 12 Feb 2025, Sierra Space Completes Test Campaign on Next Generation Vortex 35,000 lbf Fuel-Rich LOX LH2 Engine "The VR35K-A is a high-performance liquid oxygen (LOX)/liquid hydrogen (LH2) engine that employs a fuel-rich staged combustion cycle, an innovative turbopump architecture and a VORTEX® combustion chamber to produce 35,000 lbf of thrust at a higher performance than any engine currently on the market."
	11.3. 11 Feb 2025, NASA, Hubble Battery Tech Holds Power on Earth Nickel-hydrogen technology is safe, durable, and long-lasting – now it’s affordable too "Nickel-hydrogen battery technology has been around for decades. These batteries were first developed in the 1970s, and in the 1980s they began replacing nickel-cadmium technology on geosynchronous communications satellites run by the global consortium Intelsat."
	11.4. 20 Jan 2025, PHYS.ORG, NASA sets new hydrogen sulfide exposure limits for space missions "A SMAC value for hydrogen sulfide has not previously been established since it has not been of concern in spacecraft. However, with Artemis missions returning to the moon, there is a possibility that H2S could be released within spacecraft during lunar sample return, given that this compound may be a component of lunar polar ice."
	11.5. 02 Dec 2024, ScienceDirect, Analytical formulations for Nitrogen Oxides emissions estimation of a hydrogen fueled Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine (SABRE) in air-breathing mode "This study specifically focuses on the former, enabling the Single Stage To Orbit (SSTO) Skylon reaching the hypersonic speed regime before transitioning to rocket mode."
	11.6. 14 Oct 2024, Infinity, Infinity delivers 7 kW Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell Designed for Future Spaceflight Missions "This is one of the largest Fuel Cell stacks that Infinity has made and demonstrates the design is on a path to full qualification. Engineers at Infinity tested the stack to meet 1 to 7 kW. Infinity’s patented air-independent, space-rated fuel cell systems can support extended mission operations."
	11.7. 05 Aug 2024, NASA, Low Leakage Cryogenic Disconnects for Fuel Transfer and Long-Term Storage "To enable deep space missions, the capability to transfer and store cryogenic fuels (typically liquid hydrogen, methane, and oxygen) without significant leakage over long duration missions is critical. NASA has been actively developing zero boil-off cryocooler technology to reduce storage losses."
	11.8. 07 Jun 2024, MT Aerospace, Hydrogen is the driver for future decarbonised mobility solutions "MT Aerospace has decades of experience in the use of LH2 in rocket propulsion systems. This expertise results both from sustainable technology innovations and a large number of product-related cryogenic tests. The further development into cryogenic H2 storage and supply systems is a differentiating feature for MT Aerospace."
	11.9. 08 May 2024, University of Melbourne, High-tech equipment boosts University’s hydrogen and space research "UoM has worked with the Florida, USA-headquartered company GenH2, a leader in hydrogen infrastructure solutions, to install a GenH2 Cryostat CS500 simulation test platform to test & develop super-insulation systems for LH2 storage & other cryogenic applications, including space."
	11.10. 12 Mar 2024, PHYS.ORG, Zero-boil-off tank experiments to enable long-duration space exploration "Although the dynamic ZBO approach is complex, it promises an impressive advantage over the currently used passive methods. An assessment of one nuclear propulsion concept for Mars transport estimated that passive boil-off losses for a large LH2 tank carrying 38 tons of fuel for a three-year mission to Mars would be approximately 16 tons/year."
	11.11. 01 Mar 2024, ESA, Green hydrogen for Ariane 6 and more "ESA & CNES are determined to reduce the footprint of rocket launches & ground operations at Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana & aiming to deliver low-carbon H2 generated by solar-powered electrolysis of water by 2026. Project Hyguane a portmanteau of the French words for H2, French Guiana and the local Iguanas is a €40.5M investment in a solar farm and distribution systems."
	11.12. 21 Feb 2024, Space Perspective, The world’s only carbon-neutral spaceship "Space Perspective has designed a luxurious capsule to take passengers on a six-hour trip to the stratosphere, where they can enjoy panoramic views of our humble planet—which they’ll have risen above thanks to a giant hydrogen-filled balloon."
	11.13. 29 Jan 2024, NASA, NASA’s Moon Shot Launched Commercial Fuel Cell Industry - Agency’s technology development prepared fuel cells for tomorrow’s renewable energy grids "NASA started investing in fuel cell technology in the 1960s when rest of world was still content to be powered by fossil fuels, driving NASA to explore new ways to generate & store energy."
	11.14. 04 Jan 2024, NASA, Magnetohydrodynamic Drive for Hydrogen and Oxygen Production in Mars Transfer "A new approach employs magnetohydrodynamic electrolytic cell that extracts & separates O2 & H2 gas without moving parts in microgravity, removing need for a forced water recirculation loop & associated ancillary equipment such as pumps or centrifuges."
	11.15. 15 Nov 2023, Nature, Hydrogen-bearing vesicles in space weathered lunar calcium-phosphates "Here we present transmission electron microscopy analyses of Apollo lunar soil 79221 that reveal solar-wind hydrogen concentrated in vesicles as molecular hydrogen in the calcium-phosphates apatite and merrillite."
	11.16. 21 Sep 2023, WHA International, Will hydrogen power the future of Aerospace? "Engineers have used Hydrogen in rocket fuel and Hydrogen fuel cells since the early years of space exploration. Hydrogen high power and quick refueling potential make it an attractive clean energy option for new aerospace applications as well."
	11.17. 21 Jul 2023, Toyota, Development Status Toyota's Manned Pressurized Rover and MHI's LUPEX Rover "Toyota Fuel cell technology cultivated through long years of vehicle development and technologies developed for the moon, fed back to Earth used to create better vehicles and develop technologies for sustainable society with Lunar Cruiser developed by Toyota."
	11.18. 27 Jun 2023, Infinite Composites, INFINITE COMPOSITES: TYPE V TANKS FOR SPACE "Type V Space application: the infiniteCPV is a simplified all-composite design that allows for users to take advantage of the maximum fuel storage capacity at the lowest possible weight. Removing the need for a metallic or plastic gas barrier eliminates the potential of a liner failure."
	11.19. 06 Jun 2023, Nature, Assessment of the technological viability of photoelectrochemical devices for oxygen and fuel production on Moon and Mars "Present is a refined Martian solar irradiance spectrum and establish the thermodynamic and realistic efficiency limits of solar-driven lunar water-splitting and Martian carbon dioxide reduction (CO2R) devices."
	11.20. 09 May 2023, PHYS.ORG, Researchers switch from helium to hydrogen weather balloons "The National Weather Service provided the electrolysis equipment, which uses electricity to turn water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, and provided regular maintenance of the equipment. The ARM Sandia facility launches two weather balloons a day for weather service."

► R12. Hydrogen Research Centers (46)

	12.1. AU - Australian Hydrogen Research Network (AHRN) A community of researchers and interested stakeholders supporting the emerging hydrogen industry in Australia. We foster excellence in hydrogen-related research through an ongoing program of seminars and knowledge-sharing activities.
	12.2. AU - Australian National University (ANU) Publications on aspects of the Hydrogen economy transition.
	12.3. AU - Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) The Knowledge Bank is an open-source library of reports, studies, multimedia and tools that provide guidance and learnings to benefit future renewable hydrogen energy projects.
	12.4. AU - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publications from CSIRO on Hydrogen Fuel Cell research and development of renewable energy solutions. Hydrogen Knowledge Centre
	12.5. AU - Geoscience Australia / Monash University - Hydrogen Economic Fairways Tool (HEFT) HEFT was developed by Geoscience Australia in collaboration with Monash University & is based on an open-source economic model that maps the economic viability of H2 production opportunities across Australia.
	12.6. AU - Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) Publications from the RMIT Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Laboratory (SHEL) that pioneers research and development on hydrogen energy solutions.
	12.7. AU - Swinburne Institute of Technology / Victorian Hydrogen Hub Led by Swinburne University of Technology in partnership with CSIRO and Germany’s ARENA2036 factory, the Victorian Hydrogen Hub (VH2) brings together researchers, industry partners and business to drive the implementation of the hydrogen economy.
	12.8. AU - University of NSW Hydrogen storage and battery technology groupResearch focuses on fabrication and storage optimization of a novel porous solid-state hydrogen storage material in fuel cell integrated systems to reduce the hydrogen storage pressure to only 10MPa, six times less than current market technology.
	12.9. CH - Frontiers Frontiers is the 3rd most-cited and 6th largest research publisher and open science platform. Our research journals are community-driven and peer-reviewed by editorial boards of more than 260,000 top researchers.
	12.10. CH - MDPI Hydrogen Journal MDPI has supported academic communities since 1996. Based in Basel, Switzerland, MDPI has the mission to foster open scientific exchange in all forms, across all disciplines.
	12.11. CN - Beijing Institute of Technology The Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT) is actively researching and developing hydrogen technology, including hydrogen internal combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cell technology, with a focus on both military and civilian applications.
	12.12. CN - Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) DICP Chinese Academy of Sciences has established a long track record of major academic and industrial accomplishments in catalytic chemistry, chemical engineering, chemical lasers, molecular reaction dynamics, organic chemistry, modern analytical chemistry and biotechnology.
	12.13. DE - Hyfindr Publications on hydrogen system components, materials and other hydrogen related equipment.
	12.14. DE - Hydrogen Tech World Publications including an interesting mix of company profiles, in-depth technical articles, reports from major end users and projects in the hydrogen production industries.
	12.15. EU - Hydrogen Europe Research Publications from the European scientific community involved in the development of a new, industrial ecosystem based on hydrogen and committed to moving towards a circular, carbon-neutral economy.
	12.16. EU - Joint Research Centre Publications Repository The JRC Publications Repository is the public access to all publications of the Joint Research Centre. It offers access to state-of-the-art science performed by the JRC to the wider scientific community, with full-text and open access. It is updated on a daily basis, including most recent outputs.
	12.17. FI - Aalto University H2 Innovation Center Hydrogen open source search on technical materials relating to hydrogen evolution, storage, distribution, and fuel cells.
	12.18. FR - The French National Research Network on Hydrogen Energy The French National Research Network on Hydrogen Energy (FRH2) brings together 30 laboratories with 300 well known researchers (CNRS researchers, faculty members and engineers) actively involved in the hydrogen sector.
	12.19. INT - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy A central vehicle for the exchange and dissemination of new ideas, technology developments and research results in the field of Hydrogen Energy between scientists and engineers throughout the world.
	12.20. JP - Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology, Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, Hydrogen Energy Carrier Team Developing technologies for storing and utilizing large amounts of renewable energy that will help solve several energy issues facing Japan.
	12.21. KR - Korea Institute of Energy Research Future Energy Research Division conducts researches on H2 generation, storage, transportation, and utilization to realize a future energy society, focusing on the development of fuel cell technologies represented by generation, storage, and use of H2, an eco-friendly source of energy with economic benefits obtained by coal fuels and water.
	12.22. NL - ScienceDirect From foundational science to new and novel research, discover our large collection of Physical Sciences and Engineering publications, covering a range of disciplines, from the theoretical to the applied.
	12.23. NL - ScienceDirect Journal of Green Technologies and Sustainability This Journal encourages and promotes interdisciplinary research and development to important technological and theoretical developments in greentech and sustainability issues.
	12.24. SG - National University of Singapore - Centre for Hydrogen Innovations Research site focus promotes cutting-edge R&D advancements in H2 production, storage, and utilization; and fosters collaborations with industries, academia, and agencies to drive H2-based solutions.
	12.25. UK - Geological Society Publications - Lyell Collection Research site search "hydrogen" - the Lyell Collection represents one of the largest integrated collections of online Earth Science literature available.
	12.26. UK - Royal Sociaety of Chemistry RSC develop, recognise and celebrate professional capabilities. We bring people together to spark new ideas and new partnerships. Noting Hydrogen is an essential element for life. It is present in water and in almost all the molecules in living things.
	12.27. UK - The Major Projects Association - Knowledge Centre Renewable Hydrogen Energy: Applied Scientific and Engineering References - A set of recent, curated, renewable Hydrogen energy scientific and engineering references covering: H2 production via electromechanical and electrolysis methods; H2 production via solar and protonic ceramics; proton exchange membrane fuel cells; H2 storage as liquid or compressed gas and Type IV carbon fibre reinforced storage products. Industry area references are categorized under Automotive; Aviation; Defence; Marine; Rail; and Smelting and Steel. References to significant H2 Research Centers, and H2 market analyses are also included.
	12.28. UK - TheIET.ORG The Institution of Engineering and Technology Wiley - Search "hydrogen + energy" => research developments -> we inspire, inform and influence the global engineering and technology community to engineer a better world.
	12.29. UK - Science X / PHYS.ORG Search "hydrogen + energy" => Daily science news on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations.
	12.30. UK - University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge, are developing low-cost light-harvesting semiconductors that power devices for converting water into clean hydrogen fuel.
	12.31. US - American Chemical Society (ACS) pubs.acs.org ACS Publications’ commitment to publishing high-quality content continues to attract impactful research that addresses the world’s most important challenges.
	12.32. US - Cell Press We innovate to enhance discoverability, put research in context, and make it more actionable. Global visibility ensures that important research is read, used, and talked about. Engagement in the community and advocacy supports the value of science.
	12.33. US - IEEE ieee.org IEEE is the world’s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.
	12.34. US - Mendeley.com Search "hydrogen + energy" => Year/Document Type/Journal/Author/Access Type/Most relevant/Most recent/Most cited science articles on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations.
	12.35. US - MIT HyTEC The research capabilities at HyTEC range from a wide variety of experimental and modeling areas associated with hydrogen. We have partnered with world-leading industries and organizations to advance the science and develop new technologies necessary to improve efficiency, reduce cost, and improve the safety of hydrogen production, liquefaction, storage and transportation.
	12.36. US - Nature.com Search "hydrogen + evolution + reaction + HER" for wide variety of journal articles on researched developments, technological breakthroughs and latest innovations.
	12.37. US - National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) NREL's research accelerates development, integration, and scale up of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to enable widespread deployment across multiple energy sectors.
	12.38. US - Naval Postgraduate School Energy Academic Group (EAG) Energy Academic Group maintains the Naval Postgraduate School as a Navy center of excellence for energy graduate education and research. Our efforts focus on solving the Navy, Marine Corps, and Department of Defense’s most critical energy problems through graduate education and research. To that end, EAG employs a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach using the basic sciences, engineering, operations and analysis, and business methods.
	12.39. US - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Technical information about hydrogen published in technical reports, conference proceedings, journal articles, and websites is provided, across categories: General, Production, Delivery, and Storage.
	12.40. US - Proceedings of the National Academv of Sciences, PNAS PNAS is one of the world's most-cited and comprehensive multidisciplinary scientific journals, publishing more than 3,500 research papers annually.
	12.41. US - Sandia National Laboratories, SNL Sandia National Laboratories is operated and managed by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc.
	12.42. US - University of Michigan - MI Hydrogen A joint venture by the Office of the Vice President for Research, Michigan Engineering and the School for Environment and Sustainability.
	12.43. US - University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing Publications includes a number of specific areas of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells research related to fundamental knowledge, technical applications, and integrated systems.
	12.44. US - Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) SwRI develops applied R&D solutions with hydrogen technology used in rockets, alternative combustion, fuel cells, energy storage, and industrial processing plants.
	12.45. US - University of Maryland (UMD) Faculty at UMD are engaged in many aspects of fuel cell R&D including: Microbial fuel cells - a bio-electrochemical system that uses bacteria as the catalyst to oxidize organic and inorganic matter, and consequently, generate electric current. Applications include power generation systems, bio-recovery, & waste-water treatment. Polymer electrolyte membrane Fuel Cells - deliver high power density and offer the advantages of low weight and volume compared with other fuel cells. PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer as an electrolyte and porous carbon electrodes containing a platinum or platinum alloy catalyst. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - use a hard, non-porous ceramic compound as the electrolyte. SOFCs operate at very high temperatures which removes the need for precious-metal catalyst, thereby reducing cost.
	12.46. US - University of Texas (UT) Feautured publications and White Papers on Blue Hydrogen, Green H2 economy, H2 infrastructure, and achieving NET ZERO by 2050.

HYDROGEN ENERGY RESEARCH
Produced by Robert Cole Basford

Hydrogen Energy Research
Published 2025-04-18

Hydrogen Energy Research
Scientific & Applied Engineering References

Open-source Technology for Sustainable Opportunities (OTSO)

PRODUCTION R1.1 - R5.1

APPLIED Engineering R6.1 - R11.1

Research R1 - R12

HYDROGEN & HEURISTICS

	R1. PROD: Alkaline / AEM / PEM Electrolysis (1/20)
	1.1. 17 Apr 2025, Nature, Data-driven discovery of biaxially strained single atoms array for hydrogen production,


	R2. PROD: Bio / Pyrolysis / Radiolysis / Solar (1/20)
	2.1. 16 Apr 2025, ACS, Structural Analysis of Selenium Coordination Compounds and Mesoporous TiO2-Based Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation,


	R3. PROD: Geologic / Natural Hydrogen (1/20)
	3.1. 03 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, The source of hydrogen in earth's building blocks,


	R4. FUEL CELL: AEMFC / PEM / MCFC / SOFC (1/20)
	4.1. 17 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Characterization and testing of strontium titanium ferrite-based solid oxide cells for reversible and co-electrolysis operation,


	R5. STORE: Type IV-V / MH / LH2 / LOHC / Geo (1/20)
	5.1. 14 Apr 2025, MDPI, Acoustic Losses in Cryogenic Hydrogen at Transitions Between Tubes of Different Diameters,

	R6. APP: Automotive / Rail Industry (1/20)
	6.1. 17 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Transitioning Australia’s land freight transport: Competition of fuel cell electric, battery electric, and internal combustion engine vehicle,


	R7. APP: Aviation / UAS Industry (1/20)
	7.1. 14 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, A review of hydrogen micromix combustion technologies for gas turbine applications


	R8. APP: Defence / Military Industry (1/20)
	8.1. 27 Feb 2025, NovaSpark, HYDROGEN DRONE FUELING RAPID DRONE CHARGING


	R9. APP: Marine / Maritime Industry (1/20)
	9.1. 12 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Rux Energy and Serco Collaborate on Groundbreaking Hydrogen Storage Project Funded by Connected Places Catapult


	R10. APP: Smelting [Al / Cu / Fe] Industry (1/20)
	10.1. 01 Apr 2025, ScienceDirect, Experimental investigation of the oxidation behaviour of stainless steel exposed to different air- and oxy-fuel natural gas or hydrogen combustion atmospheres and temperatures during reheating on a semi-industrial scale


	R11. APP: Space Industry (1/20)
	11.1. 04 Apr 2025, Honda, Honda R&D to Conduct Testing with Sierra Space and Tec-Masters on the International Space Statio

Hydrogen Energy ResearchPublished 2025-04-18

Hydrogen Energy ResearchScientific & Applied Engineering References