Hydrogen Energy Research

► R1. PROD: Alkaline / AEM / PEM Electrolysis (20)

	1.1. 31 May 2025, ACS Omega, Highly Durable Additively Manufactured Membrane-Free Electrolyzer, "This paper reports the facile design and additive manufacturing, using Fused Filament Fabrication technology, of a membrane-free electrolyzer with Inconel 625 electrodes that allow for stable and efficient water splitting."
	1.2. 30 May 2025, Advanced Materials, Electrochemical Cell Designs for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Water Electrolysis: Status and Perspectives, "This review emphasizes the role of rational counter-anodic reactions in improving the efficiency of both CO2RR and HER. The integration of CO2RR and HER electrolyzers with other electrochemical systems, such as fuel cells and battery technologies, is also considered, showcasing the potential for a future decarbonized industrial value chain."
	1.3. 30 May 2025, ACS Omega, Simulation of a Pressurized Alkaline Water Electrolysis Electrolyzer Cell and Its System, "This study developed a simulation model of an electrolyzer module that combines the physical and chemical fields to evaluate the impact of pressurization on the operation of the electrolyzer and the system. Subsequently, the optimal electrolysis conditions under various hydrogen pressures were predicted."
	1.4. 29 May 2025, Nature Communications, Synthesis of noble metal nanoarrays via agglomeration and metallurgy for acidic water electrolysis, "Here, we develop a micellar brush-guided method to regulate the agglomeration of metal NPs to form erect nanoarrays on desired substrates. The highly solvated corona of the soft template also favors a simultaneous penetration of two or more metal NPs, leading to the formation of hybrid nanoarrays."
	1.5. 28 May 2025, Carbon, Room temperature water splitting at the basal plane of graphene grown on nickel, "In this study we combined x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal programmed desorption (TPD), surface x-ray diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements to investigate the early stage of the interaction between water molecules and Gr/Ni(111). Our aim was to achieve a complete definition of the surface reactions leading to hydrogen production."
	1.6. 27 May 2025, ACS Inorganic Chemistry, Meso-Formyl Functionalization Enhances Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Activity of Nickel(II) Octaethylporphyrin, "This study investigates the electrocatalytic enhancement achieved by aldehyde functionalization at the meso-carbon position in 5-formyloctaethylporphyrin-nickel(II) ([Ni(OEP-CHO)]). Spectroscopic, cyclic voltammetry (CV), controlled potential electrolysis (CPE), and ultraviolet visible (UV–vis) Spectro electrochemistry reveal that the formyl group modulates the electronic properties of the porphyrin complex."
	1.7. 25 May 2025, Applied Surface Science, Ru-modified CoMoOx catalyst on carbon cloth for efficient HER in alkaline seawater electrolysis at high current densities, "In this study, we introduce a Ru-modified CoMo catalyst immobilized on CC (Ru/CoMoOx@CC), a catalyst configuration that has not been previously reported. The incorporation of a small amount of Ru significantly enhanced the HER performance, possibly by modulating the hydrogen adsorption behavior, while maintaining cost-effectiveness."
	1.8. 23 May 2025, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Advanced Nickel-Based Gas Diffusion Anode for Zero-Gap Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers, "This study focuses on reducing electrical losses in the AEMWE by designing an improved anode catalyst layer. The approach involves modifying nickel foam by using a microporous nickel ink. This modification not only smooths the nickel foam to prevent membrane punctures during compression assembly but also enhances the utilization of the mesoporous NiO catalyst in the anode process, namely, the oxygen evolution reaction."
	1.9. 21 May 2025, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, In Situ Formation of Multi-Principal Element Oxide on a Bulk Nanoporous Intermetallic Alloy for Ultra-Efficient Hydrogen Production at Ampere-Level Current Density, "Herein and unlike conventional metallic nanostructures, this catalyst features an ultrathin multiprincipal element oxide layer, which generates abundant active sites and achieves exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction activity, surpassing most reported catalysts and crucially, the material demonstrates unprecedented stability at industrial-level current densities (1 A/cm2 at 396 mV),"
	1.10. 19 May 2025, ACS Omega, Construction of Metal-Coordinated Bipyridine-Based Conjugated Microporous Polymers as Robust Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution, "Herein, we report a scalable and straightforward strategically incorporating bipyridine (BPy) units as coordinating ligands into an imine-based CMP, PyBZ-TB-BPy CMP, through a Schiff-base [4 + 2] condensation reaction between PyBZ-TB-4NH2 and BPy-2CHO."
	1.11. 19 May 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Synergistic Fe-Mn-Cu ternary alloys enhance bifunctional activity and stability for alkaline water splitting, "Herein, we present a novel ternary alloy catalyst, 20Fe-80Mn-20Cu, designed and optimized for hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER). The catalyst, synthesized via electrodeposition, demonstrates exceptional bifunctional activity and stability, outperforming binary (20Fe-80Mn) and benchmark electrodes, such as Pt and DSA."
	1.12. 14 May 2025, Nature Communications, The role of carbon catalyst coatings in the electrochemical water splitting reaction, "In this work, we have prepared a series of model electrocatalytic oxygen-evolution reaction systems based on nanoparticulate metal oxide (MOx) electrocatalysts (Co3O4, RuO2 and IrO2) immobilized within pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes, to identify the active site during electrocatalysis of the oxygen-evolution reaction at carbon-coated electrocatalysts."
	1.13. 09 May 2025, Nature Communications, Sustainable and cost-efficient hydrogen production using platinum clusters at minimal loading, "Here we present a Mo2TiC2 MXene-supported Pt nanocluster catalyst (Mo2TiC2-PtNC) that requires a minimal Pt content (36 μg cm−2) to function, yet remains highly active and stable. Operando spectroscopy and theoretical simulation provide evidence for anomalous charge transfer from the MXene substrate to PtNC, thus generating highly efficient electron-rich Pt sites for robust hydrogen evolution."
	1.14. 08 May 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Efficient hydrogen evolution via neutral water electrolysis using nanocrystalline TiO2 electrocatalyst, "Here we report the synthesis of anatase phase TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with a crystallite size of 6.94 nm, achieved through a co-precipitation method specifically for neutral water electrochemical HER applications. The as-synthesized anatase phase of TiO2 electrocatalyst have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet visible spectroscopy."
	1.15. 07 May 2025, ACS Energy Letters, Regulating the Oxygen Evolution Mechanism through In Situ Reconstruction of Ru-Modified Manganese Oxybromide, "Here we demonstrate the regulation of the OER mechanism through in situ surface reconstruction of manganese oxybromides (MOB) catalysts modified with single-atom ruthenium. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals that Ru incorporation intensifies the inherent, reversible surface reconstruction of MOB, resulting in the formation of a γ-MnO2 layer with an onset potential approximately 100 mV lower. "
	1.16. 07 May 2025, Carbon, Ion docking drives HER carbon-based electrocatalyst performance, "Here we present a comprehensive experimental approach using carbon electrocatalysts, together with advanced reactive atomistic simulations, to explore the fundamental aspects of the hydrogen evolution reaction. "
	1.17. 06 May 2025, Electrochimica Acta, Cell preservation strategies in direct seawater electrolysis based on cost-effective anion exchange membrane technology, "Here, the behaviour of an AEM electrolyser fed with different water sources including Mediterranean seawater, seawater surrogates and pure milliQ water was investigated. The impact on the materials stability was analysed in combination with some operating strategies and approaches to enhance cell preservation including coatings and filters integrated in the electrochemical cell."
	1.18. 06 May 2025, Nature Communications, Non-isothermal CO2 electrolysis enables simultaneous enhanced electrochemical and anti-precipitation performance, "Here, we present a non-isothermal strategy that leverages a thermal gradient across the membrane electrode assembly to enhance electrochemical performance and suppress salt precipitation."
	1.19. 02 May 2025, MDPI, Design of a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer, "A novel design of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer is presented. In contrast to previous designs, the flow field plates are round and oriented horizontally with the feed water entering from a central hole and spreading evenly outward over the anode flow field in radial, interdigitated flow channels."
	1.20. 30 Apr 2025, PHYS.ORG, Molecular engineering approach could boost hydrogen evolution reaction activity by up to 50 times in alkaline media, "Modifications at the surface of electrodes have been employed to accelerate HER, but effective guiding principles are lacking. Researchers establish a molecular design strategy to enhance HER activity in alkaline media by up to 50 times by introducing an organic overlayer on Pt electrodes."

► R2. PROD: Bio / Pyrolysis / Radiolysis / Solar (20)

	2.1. 03 Jun 2025, ACS Energy & Fuels, Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production by a Porphyrinic Metal–Organic Framework Thin Film on p-Type Silicon, "Herein, the metal–organic framework (MOF) catalyst Al2(OH)2CoTCPP was grown as a thin film on a p-type silicon semiconductor (SC) for photoelectrochemical (PEC) fuel production. The MOF@Si composite catalyzes hydrogen production under illumination at an applied potential that is 320 mV more positive than that of the same MOF on a dark conducting substrate. An interesting feature of the study relates to the product speciation, as metalloporphyrins are known to catalyze both H2 evolution as well as CO2 reduction."
	2.2. 01 Jun 2025, Catalysis Today, Ti-zeolite Y based nanocomposites modified with Au and CeO2 with photocatalytic activity in visible light, "Here the water-gas shift reaction carried out under similar conditions aimed to evaluate the performance of the synthesized photocatalysts in generating hydrogen from water and was shown that the hydrogen atoms that reduce CO2 are formed by the reduction of protons supplied by water."
	2.3. 29 May 2025, PHYS.ORG, Iron oxide 'oxygen sponge' doubles green hydrogen production efficiency by targeting atomic-level active sites, "What makes this study particularly noteworthy is not only the development of a high-efficiency catalyst, but also the team's success in unraveling the underlying mechanisms. Using a combination of experimental techniques and computational simulations, the researchers were able to identify, for the first time, the "structural active sites" within iron oxide materials that drive hydrogen production at the atomic level."
	2.4. 29 May 2025, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Heterojunction of Silicon Nanowires and TiO2 via Bioinspired Polymer for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution, "Here, we performed a Silicon nanowires based photoelectrode modification with a hybrid coating of a polymer and titanium dioxide in this experiment. The biomimetic polymer we used was polydopamine, which has been extensively researched and described in the literature over the past few years. Polydopamine has unique electrochemical properties and a certain degree of supramolecular ordering, but most importantly, it is extensively used to improve various inorganic photocatalysts."
	2.5. 26 May 2025, ACS Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Optimization of the Dark Fermentation Technique for Hydrogen Production through Supplementation with Ascorbic Acid and/or l-Cysteine by Clostridium butyricum CCDBC 11, "This study explores the enhancement of biohydrogen production through the addition of oxygen scavengers, ascorbic acid, and l-cysteine during dark fermentation by Clostridium butyricum strain. The supplementation of these compounds significantly reduced the bacterial lag phase and accelerated cell growth, thereby boosting the hydrogen output."
	2.6. 23 May 2025, ACS Omega, A Novel Architecture Based on a Pyrrole-Functionalized Dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DTP)-Type Conducting Polymer and Thiol-Modified Calixarene Derivative for Biophotovoltaic Solar Cells: Photocurrent and Hydrogen Generations via Both Photosynthesis and Respiratory System, "The study essentially focuses on improving photocurrent outputs through developing efficient anode materials. An innovative photoanode design is introduced employing cyanobacteria immobilized on a P(DTP-Ph-Pyr)/Calixarene-AuNP-modified surface. This design features a porous structure conducive to cyanobacterial attachment and efficient electron transfer."
	2.7. 21 May 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, A novel hexagonal PtPS monolayer for high anisotropic carrier mobility and potential for photocatalytic water splitting with pronounced optical absorption, "Here, the photocatalytic calculations reveal that the band-edge alignments of the PtPS monolayer perfectly span the redox potential of water, providing a robust driving force for the convention of H2O into H2 and O2, making it effective in both acidic and neutral environments."
	2.8. 20 May 2025, Colloid and Interface Science Communications, Beyond photosynthesis: Engineering self-healing photocatalytic systems for sustainability, "This review delves into the fundamental principles, innovative design strategies, and emerging trends in self-repairing photocatalysts, emphasizing their transformative potential in sustainable fuel production, environmental remediation, and carbon fixation."
	2.9. 17 May 2025, Fuel, H2 production from bio-ethanol sorption enhanced steam reforming: screening of MgO-stabilized CaO-based sorbents through their properties and interaction with the catalyst, "In this study, several CaO-based sorbents stabilized with MgO were screened. The one prepared by sol–gel method achieved highest CO2 uptake capacity (0.15 gCO2 cm-3solid) after five carbonation-calcination cycles."
	2.10. 13 May 2025, ACS Chemistry of Materials, Phase Transition Assisted Photo-, Electro- and Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution in B/MoS2─Mechanistic Insight, "Here, the optimized composition of the fabricated 2D/2D heterostructure exhibited a significantly reduced overpotential of 281.1 mV and a Tafel slope of 56.0 mV/dec in the PEC reaction with respect to 312.5 mV and 160.9 mV/dec in HER indicating boosted activity and kinetics of the hydrogen evolution process."
	2.11. 12 May 2025, Catalysis Today, HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY CATALYTIC UPGRADING OF VOLATILES FROM PYROLYSIS OF FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC WASTE, "This work studies the effect of a commercial H2S sorbent on the performance of a high-nickel reforming catalyst for producing hydrogen in the thermal-catalytic treatment of the pyrolysis volatiles evolved from a sulphur-containing FRP waste. The work is absolutely innovative in the field, as there is no study in the literature that analyses the effect of sulphur sorbents on the catalytic activity for hydrogen production from pyrolysis of fibre-reinforced plastic waste."
	2.12. 10 May 2025, Green Energy and Resources, Microbial Biomass Conversion for Hydrogen Production: A Review, "This review provides a comprehensive overview of possible microbial biomass conversion methods, including both light-dependent and light-independent methods, and compares their hydrogen production rates."
	2.13. 08 May 2025, Trends in Biotechnology, Efficient and sustained photosynthetic hydrogen production by algae under high light intensity, "We describe a smart hybrid system that integrates a temperature-sensitive polymer and photothermal material. The system enables algae to produce hydrogen under both low and high light intensities (100–2000 μmol photons·m–2·s–1)."
	2.14. 08 May 2025, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Hydrothermal Surface Engineering of Anodic WO3 Photoelectrode by Simultaneous Iron Doping and Fe3O4/FeWO4 Formation, "This study reports a hydrothermal surface modification approach to porous anodized WO3 to enhance its photoelectrochemical water oxidation performance. This results in the Fe doping of monoclinic WO3 and the simultaneous formation of Fe-containing phases, such as FeWO4 and Fe3O4."
	2.15. 06 May 2025, Nature Communications, Scalable and durable module-sized artificial leaf with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency over 10%, "Here, we present an metal-halide perovskites-based artificial leaf that satisfies all three requirements outlined above. Our artificial leaf design incorporates the photoelectrodes made from high-efficiency, durable, and large-area PSC featuring a chlorine-doping in tin oxide (Cl:SnO2) ETL and Cl-doping in formamidinium lead triiodide (Cl:FAPbI3) as PSK photo-absorber, as per our reported work."
	2.16. 06 May 2025, ACS Chemical Reviews, Chemistry of Materials Underpinning Photoelectrochemical Solar Fuel Production, "Here we review the current state of the art, focusing our discussion on advances in photoelectrodes made in the past decade. We open by briefly discussing fundamental photoelectrochemical concepts and implications for photoelectrode function. We next review a broad range of semiconductor photoelectrodes broken down by material class (oxides, nitrides, chalcogenides, and mature photovoltaic semiconductors),"
	2.17. 02 May 2025, ACS Inorganic Chemistry, Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Co-Neuroglobin: A Bioelectrocatalyst for H2 Production, "Here, a combined electrochemical and spectroscopic approach has been used to perform a comprehensive characterization of the Co-substituted derivatives of WT human neuroglobin (Co-WT) and its C46A/C55A mutant (Co–C46AC55A), obtained by replacing the native heme group with cobalt protoporphyrin IX (Co-PPIX). "
	2.18. 28 Apr 2025, Journal of Cleaner Production, Cleaner Hydrogen Production by Microwaves: Experimental Investigation and Comparative Assessment, "This study focuses on experimental investigations into microwave-driven water dissociation for cleaner hydrogen production, specifically exploring the effect of various tungsten-based electrode materials and steam inlet conditions on hydrogen production."
	2.19. 25 Apr 2025, Nature NPJ Computational Materials, Photoinduced ferroelectric phase transition triggering photocatalytic water splitting, "This study employs real-time time-dependent density functional theory (rt-TDDFT) and first-principle calculations to propose a “one stone, two birds” strategy: light induces ferroelectric phase transitions and triggers PWS on monolayer Hf2Ge2S6. Electronically, monolayer Hf2Ge2S6 exhibits excellent stability, mechanical properties, an appropriate band gap, optimal band edge positions, and broad light absorption."
	2.20. 25 Apr 2025, Cell Reports Physical Science, Electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrothermal liquefaction-derived aqueous phase for on-site wastewater treatment and H2 production, "This study highlights the impact of HTL-AP composition on ECO performance, mainly activity, stability, and efficiency in a batch and flow electrolyzer. We demonstrated current efficiency (CE) for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ranges from 14% to 85% in the flow electrolyzer with electrode stability increasing from 20 to ≥2,800 h."

► R3. PROD: Geologic / Natural Hydrogen (20)

	3.1. 13 May 2025, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Natural hydrogen resource accumulation in the continental crust, "Here we explore the conditions that enable the development of natural hydrogen resources in the geological subsurface, by examining the processes of hydrogen generation, migration, accumulation and preservation. Natural hydrogen is generated within the continental crust by two key mechanisms, water–rock reactions where Fe2+, dominantly in ultramafic rocks, is oxidized to Fe3+, and by radiolysis of water via radioactive elements U, Th and K found in upper-crustal rocks."
	3.2. 13 May 2025, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Natural hydrogen resource accumulation in the continental crust, "Here, we analysed the evolution of the H2 saturation in relation to the connectivity of the H2 fluid phase (via the use of the Euler characteristic, χ), in order to understand it́s controls on the H2 saturation in the pore space."
	3.3. 21 Apr 2025, HyTerra Ltd, Andrew Forrest-backed hydrogen hopeful HyTerra starts US drilling, "Drilling at Nemaha is the culmination of extensive preparatory work including geophysical surveys and lease acquisition across a highly prospective region. Its now one of the most closely watched natural hydrogen locations in North America."
	3.4. 03 Apr 2025, Icarus, The source of hydrogen in earth's building blocks, "Here, we explore the amount of hydrogen in ECs as well as the phase that may carry this element using sulfur X-ray absorption near edge structure (S-XANES) spectroscopy. We find that hydrogen bonded to sulfur is prevalent throughout the meteorite, with fine matrix containing on average almost 10 times more Hsingle bondS than chondrule mesostasis."
	3.5. 31 Mar 2025, Primary H2, Primary Hydrogen Outlines Exploration Thesis for Dove Creek Project, "Hydrogen Potential at Dove Creek: Proven Hydrogen Generation Mechanisms: The presence of uranium-rich basement rocks supports potential hydrogen and helium generation via radiolysis, with historical exploration confirming anomalous concentrations of both gases in the region."
	3.6. 21 Mar 2025, ACS Energy & Fuels, Hydrogen-Induced Transformations in Dolomite: Unlocking Natural Hydrogen Exploration and Subsurface Storage in Carbonates, "This study examined physicochemical changes in dolomitic samples during high-pressure hydrogen ageing experiments. Results revealed significant dolomite dissolution alongside ankerite precipitation, with porosity and permeability increasing by up to 17 and 20%, respectively."
	3.7. 25 Feb 2025, Fleet Space - Koloma, Fleet Space & Koloma Partner to Enhance Data-Driven Natural (Geologic) Hydrogen Exploration, "Fleet Space, Australia’s leading space exploration company, and Koloma, an industry leader in technology-enabled natural hydrogen exploration, today announced a partnership to accelerate exploration and development of natural hydrogen resources worldwide."
	3.8. 18 Feb 2025, Primary, Primary Unveils 2025 Exploration Plan to Advance Natural Hydrogen Discovery, "Phase 1: Remote Sensing Studies – Q1-2/2025, Using satellite imagery and airborne hyperspectral analysis, Primary will identify hydrogen anomalies which will help refine target selection and optimize field investigations."
	3.9. 17 Feb 2025, Journal of Energy Storage, Experimental approaches for characterization of water-hydrogen flow in reservoir rock, "This study investigates the water-hydrogen transport properties of homogeneous quartz-arenite Berea sandstone and heterogeneous Ironton/Galesville containing clay-rich bedding planes."
	3.10. 07 Feb 2025, RSC, Hydrogen energy futures – foraging or farming?, "As we transition towards a hydrogen-centric energy landscape, the amalgamation of geochemistry, advanced biology, and engineering emerges as a beacon, signalling a pathway towards a sustainable and transformative energy future."
	3.11. 23 Jan 2025, MIT, Why the next energy race is for underground hydrogen, "Hydrogen tends to build up in very different rocks from those that host oil and gas deposits. While fossil-fuel prospecting tends to focus on softer rocks, like organic-rich shale, hydrogen seems most plentiful in iron-rich rocks like olivine."
	3.12. 17 Jan 2025, Geoscience Australia, Soil gas surveys for hydrogen and helium in New South Wales, "This report summarises the results of field surveys looking for near-surface natural occurrences of hydrogen and helium (helium is used extensively today and extracted exclusively from natural gas) in eastern Australia near the township of Tumut in central New South Wales (NSW) and in western NSW, near the regional centres of Broken Hill, Menindee and Wentworth."
	3.13. 16 Jan 2025, USGS, USGS releases first ever map potential geologic hydrogen in US, "The map reveals areas of interest that have the potential to hold accumulations of geologic hydrogen, including a mid-continent region that covers Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota and Michigan, the Four Corners states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah, the California coast, and areas along the Eastern seaboard."
	3.14. 03 Jan 2025, Nature Communications, Review on natural hydrogen wells safety, "The review explores potential solutions like metal coatings, rubber fillers, and cement additives to mitigate these problems. It also emphasizes the need for further research to validate these solutions under real-world conditions. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the safe and efficient extraction of natural hydrogen."
	3.15. 13 Dec 2024, SCIENCE.ORG, Model predictions of global geologic hydrogen resources, "The calculated annual flux of hydrogen from the subsurface to the atmosphere, which is the sum of the nontrapped and leaked hydrogen less the amount consumed by biotic and abiotic processes, was compared to published estimates as a check on our model calculations."
	3.16. 21 Nov 2024, MDPI, Influence of Nb Content on Structure and Functional Properties of Novel Multicomponent Nb–Ni–Ti–Zr–Co Alloy for Hydrogen Separation Membrane Application, "Here we find alloys with 20 and 32 at.% Nb demonstrate high hydrogen permeability (1.05 and 0.96 × 10−8 molH2m−1s−1Pa−0.5, respectively) at 400 °C, making them promising for hydrogen purification membrane application."
	3.17. 08 Nov 2024, FAU, Natural hydrogen – the treasure hidden underground, "The race to find this valuable gas underground is gaining speed and GeoZentrum Nordbayern at FAU is one of the institutions at the forefront of this race. The research project “Natural hydrogen in northern Bavaria” has supplied initial measurements that could revolutionize the energy system of the future."
	3.18. 03 Oct 2024, QUEBEC INNOVATIVE MATERIALS CORP, QIMC Announces Significant Natural H2 Discovery Expansion 11kms to the Northwest & New Land Acquisition bringing total H2 area to over 300 km2, "Recent findings have confirmed QIMC natural renewable H2 model via geology & rock formations in the region & further positions QIMC at the forefront of sustainable H2 energy solutions."
	3.19. 02 Aug 2024, ASX-Gold Hydrogen, ASX - Ramsay Project Stage 2 Exploration Well Testing Update, "Amongst highest Helium purities ever reported at 20% to 25%, extensive regional Hydrogen and Helium play and international first to see initial Helium and Hydrogen concentrations at surface with increasing concentrations of high Helium purities Hydrogen at surface."
	3.20. 15 Jul 2024, GeoScience Australia, Australia's Energy Commodity Resources 2024 - Natural H2, "Australia is one of the most prospective countries for natural H2. This geological resource is not well understood, but there are reports of high concentrations of H2 in gas samples. Interest in natural H2 is increasing & some state jurisdictions have started to amend their petroleum exploration licences for natural H2."

► R4. FUEL CELL: AEMFC / PEM / MCFC / SOFC (20)

	4.1. 27 May 2025, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Homogeneous nucleation and condensation characteristics of water vapor-hydrogen (H2O-H2) binary systems from molecular dynamics simulation, "Here the molecular dynamics was used to investigate the impact of various conditions on the condensation of saturated water vapor from a microscope perspective. It was found that the liquefaction ratio of H2O molecules increased from 72.33% to 83.10% as the initial pressure increased from 1 MPa to 1.5 MPa when the cooling temperature was fixed at 380 K, while it increased from 72.33% to 87.05% as the cooling temperature decreased from 380 K to 350 K when the initial pressure was fixed at 1 MPa."
	4.2. 23 May 2025, Chemical Engineering Science, Segmentation of PEM fuel cell catalyst layer via electrospray deposition, "This study developed a segmented catalyst layer with varying ionomer-to-carbon (I/C) ratios near the channel and land regions of the gas flow path using electrospray deposition. The segmented catalyst layer exhibited higher output power density than a conventional uniform catalyst layer with I/C ratios of 0.60, 1.00, and 1.55."
	4.2. 22 May 2025, Nature NPJ Computational Materials, High entropy powering green energy: hydrogen, batteries, electronics, and catalysis, "This review examines recent innovations in high-entropy materials, focusing on hydrogen generation/storage, fuel cells, batteries, semiconductors/electronics, and catalysis—where HEMs have demonstrated the ability to outperform state-of-the-art materials."
	4.4. 16 May 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Post-mortem analysis of high-frequency current ripples effects on HT-PEMFC aging, "Herein, a post-mortem analysis is carried out on two aged MEAs, with and without high-frequency current ripples, in comparison to a fresh MEA. Various characterization techniques provided new information about the gas inlet/outlet regions and the degradation phenomena observed in certain components."
	4.5. 04 May 2025, Nature Communications, Enhancing surface activity and durability in triple conducting electrode for protonic ceramic electrochemical cells, "The enhanced interfacial bonding between the oxygen electrode and electrolyte contributes to increased durability and thermomechanical integrity, and this study underscores the critical importance of optimizing electrode microstructure to achieve a balance between surface activity and durability."
	4.6. 17 Apr 2025, Journal of Power Sources, Characterization and testing of strontium titanium ferrite-based solid oxide cells for reversible and co-electrolysis operation, "This study investigates STF and STF-Ni as potential fuel electrode materials for SOCs, with a focus on their electrochemical activity and stability at 750 °C, during reversible operations with H2/H2O and CO/CO2 mixtures, and during H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis."
	4.7. 15 Apr 2025, ACS Energy & Fuels, Thermal Transient Performance of PEM Fuel Cells in Aerospace Applications: A Numerical Study, "This study employs a validated numerical simulation model to investigate the transient responses of a PEMFC subjected to thermal shock cycles, where the bipolar plate walls experience abrupt temperature drops to 10 °C for durations of 3 to 19 s."
	4.8. 04 Apr 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, A novel Parrot Optimizer for robust and scalable PEMFC parameter optimization, "The study presents the Parrot Optimizer (PO) as a new metaheuristic algorithm which derives its inspiration from the adaptive behaviors of Pyrrhura Molinae parrots to overcome current optimization challenges."
	4.9. 30 Mar 2025, ACS JACS Au, Toward Hydrogen Mobility: Challenges and Strategies in Electrocatalyst Durability for Long-Term PEMFC Operation, "By exploring the latest developments in catalyst durability, support materials, and strategies to overcome key performance barriers, this Perspective provides a comprehensive overview of the critical factors shaping the future of PEMFC technology."
	4.10. 28 Mar 2025, ACS ACS Applied Energy Materials, Fluorine-Lean Phosphonated Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity with High Oxygen Permeability as a PEMFC Catalyst Layer Ionomer, "Here we present a phosphonated PIM comprising a rigid, hydrophobic backbone and ion-conductive −PO3H2 groups. The physical properties of the pPIM were characterized by ex-situ methods, e.g., NMR, GPC, BET, TGA, and water uptake, while the performance of the pPIM as a catalyst layer ionomer was investigated through rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements and in situ fuel cell tests to determine the electrochemically active surface area and oxygen diffusion coefficient of the resulting catalyst layers."
	4.11. 25 Mar 2025, MDPI, PEMFC Thermal Management Control Strategy Based on Dual Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient, "The operational performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is highly influenced by temperature, making effective thermal management essential. However, the multivariate coupling between pumps and radiators presents significant control challenges. To address this issue, a dual DDPG-PID control strategy is proposed, integrating temperature and flow rate variations to enhance system stability and response."
	4.12. 18 Mar 2025, Electrochimica Acta, Cu-doped Titanium Suboxide Fuel Cell Catalyst Support Prepared by Sol-gel Method: Unveiling the Role of Cu as a Lone Dopant, "Here we seek to achieve a better understanding of the role of Cu as a dopant and reveal its contribution to activity and stability in the Pt/TOC during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and corresponding accelerated stress tests."
	4.13. 14 Mar 2025, ACS Precision Chemistry, Improving the Cold-Start Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells via Precision Engineering of Key Material, "This paper reviews the recent progress of the PEMFC cold start from the perspective of key materials engineering. It provides a detailed summary of how the proton exchange membrane (PEM), catalyst layer, microporous layer (MPL), and gas diffusion layer (GDL) affect the cold-start performance."
	4.14. 13 Feb 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Numerical investigation of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell conductivity at different parameters, "This study results indicate the performance of fuel cells is enhanced by a thinner membrane than a thicker one with an increase in loading & performance is approximated at light loads. Also, the concentration of H2O at the cathode side of the fuel cell is highly affected by the change in fuel cell length more than the thickness of the membrane."
	4.15. 11 Feb 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Revolutionizing proton exchange membrane fuel cell modeling through hybrid aquila optimizer and arithmetic algorithm optimization, "This paper introduces a recently developed hybrid algorithm (Aquila Optimizer Arithmetic Algorithm Optimization (AOAAO)) that enhances the AO and AAO algorithm’s efficiency through a novel mutation strategy, aimed at determining seven unknown parameters of a PEMFC during the optimization process."
	4.16. 10 Feb 2025, Energy, Techno-economic assessment of a solar-powered green hydrogen storage concept based on reversible solid oxide cells for residential micro-grid: A case study in Calgary, "This paper proposes an innovative concept for PV-based green hydrogen production, storage, and utilization using solid oxide cells within residential micro-grids. It includes comprehensive techno-economic and environmental analyses of the proposed system, utilizing dynamic solar data, with a case study focusing on Calgary."
	4.17. 08 Feb 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Experiments on maximizing H2 utilization and efficiency in a PEM fuel cell system, "This study investigates optimizing both H2 utilization & stack efficiency by adjusting purge valve actuation in a PEM fuel cell system & results show that reducing purging from the reference increases H2 utilization by 0.79% points to 98.2%, resulting in efficiency improvement of 0.72% points to 47.21% based on HHV."
	4.18. 07 Feb 2025, ACS Chemical Reviews, A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes, "This review offers a thorough summary and in-depth analysis of an extensive collection of research on SOFC simulations, classifying the models into distinct categories based on their varying scales, and serves as a valuable tool to assist researchers in selecting the most suitable models for diverse research objects."
	4.19. 04 Feb 2025, ACS Applied Energy Materials, Stratified Porous Transport Layers for Unitized Reversible Fuel Cells, "In this study, we report stratification of porous transport layers (PTLs) with different architectures that facilitate gas and water transport in both operational modes. The stratified PTL is composed of two or more layers of titanium felts and/or sinters."
	4.20. 01 Feb 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Enhancing energy efficiency through combined PEMFC and MH systems and advanced exhaust management strategies, "Here an innovative system integrating PEMFC with Metal Hydrides was introduced. It utilizes the waste heat from the PEMFC to enhance hydrogen release from the MH, thereby improving overall energy efficiency."

► R5. STORE: Type IV-V / MH / LH2 / LOHC / Geo (20)

	5.1. 31 May 2025, Fuel, Assessment of hydrogen adsorption capacities on low-maturity shales for geological storage applications: a lattice density functional theory approach, "In this study, the objective is to quantify the adsorption of supercritical H2 on low-maturity shale at different temperatures and pressures, thus providing valuable insights for future shale H2 storage. To this end, H2 adsorption on low-maturity shales was measured at pressures up to 190 bar and temperatures of 50 °C, 75 °C, and 100 °C, and the resulting adsorption isotherms were modeled using the LDFT model."
	5.2. 27 May 2025, Energy 360, Hydrogen Gas Production & Storage Cycle with Organic Hydrides Based on Hydrogen Fixing and Release, "This paper reviews new hydrogen storage methods based on electrochemistry, photochemistry, and biochemistry to enable direct hydrogen storage in organic hydrides from water. Furthermore, this paper outlines hydrogen production and storage cycles, combining these hydrogen storage methods and hydrogen release methods."
	5.3. 23 May 2025, CSIRO, Wellbore thermal effects during underground hydrogen storage, "This study applies standard wellbore heat transport models to calculate the temperature changes induced by the flow of hydrogen and some potential cushion gases: methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. These models incorporate the thermal conductivity of wellbore materials, and heat exchange with the surrounding formations, and are solved numerically for a range of flow rates, wellhead temperatures and depths."
	5.4. 20 May 2025, Journal of Alloys and Compounds Communications, Thermal stability and hydrogen storage properties of Hf0.75Ti0.25NbVZr and TiNbVZr high entropy alloys, "This study examines the thermal stability and hydrogen storage performance of Hf0.75Ti0.25NbVZr and TiNbVZr high-entropy alloys (HEAs). Heat treatments were conducted at 1300°C for 24 and 48 hours and at 600°C for 1 and 2 months. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that Hf0.75Ti0.25NbVZr transitioned from a mixture of BCC and C15 Laves phases to a single BCC phase at 1300°C."
	5.5. 14 May 2025, ACS Langmuir, Solvent Effects in Biomass-Derived Activated Carbons: New Insights for Their Doping/Functionalization toward Potential Hydrogen Storage Applications, "This study opens the possibility of an effective biomass-derived AC modification, without the need to employ high-energy-consuming thermal treatments, thus maximizing the potential of greener processes."
	5.6. 09 May 2025, H2CAST Etzel, Gasunie and Storag Etzel start filling hydrogen caverns and constructing the above-ground facility for the H2CAST Etzel pilot projec, "In Lower Saxony’s Etzel, the H2CAST pilot project, which involves converting two existing salt caverns for hydrogen storage, is now entering the next phase: Gasunie and Storag Etzel have started jointly injecting around 90 tons of hydrogen into two existing caverns. Gasunie will also start constructing the surface facility in the near future."
	5.7. 29 Apr 2025, Addcomposites, Revolutionizing Hydrogen Storage: Composite Tanks Manufacturing with AFP Technology, "Type V tanks represent the cutting edge of hydrogen storage technology, aiming for the ultimate in lightweight design by eliminating the liner altogether.7 In a Type V vessel, the all-composite structure must perform the dual role of providing structural integrity to withstand high pressures and acting as the barrier to prevent hydrogen leakage."
	5.8. 24 Apr 2025, IET, Energy Storage System Configuration for Supporting the Scheduling and Frequency Regulation of Offshore Microgrids, "In this paper, an optimal energy storage system (ESS) configuration method is proposed to support operational scheduling and frequency regulation of the microgrids at different time scales. A source-storage-load coordinated frequency response model is proposed to exploit the advantages of different types of ESS."
	5.9. 18 Apr 2025, Petroleum Research, Hydrogen Energy System and Underground Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Reservoirs, "Here a comprehensive review of the individual features of H2, hydrogen storage systems, and other influencing factors has been conducted. By accurately identifying existing mechanisms, capacities, and barriers, this study aims to inspire further research and contribute to the progress of the hydrogen economy."
	5.10. 17 Apr 2025, Petroleum Research, Underground hydrogen storage in geological formations: A review, "This review examines underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in geological formations, focusing on recent experiments, modeling and simulations, and field applications. Geological formations such as depleted oil reservoirs, salt caverns, and depleted natural gas reservoirs are identified as favorable candidates due to minimal interactions with hydrogen, leading to low hydrogen loss."
	5.11. 14 Apr 2025, MDPI, Acoustic Losses in Cryogenic Hydrogen at Transitions Between Tubes of Different Diameters, "In this study, high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations are undertaken for acoustic oscillations at transitions between tubes of different diameters filled with cryogenic hydrogen."
	5.12. 05 Apr 2025, Chemical Engineering Science, Thermo-economic analysis of blending hydrogen into natural gas pipeline with gaseous inhibitors for sustainable hydrogen transportation, "This study conducts a comprehensive thermo-economic analysis of natural gas and hydrogen mixtures with and without gaseous inhibitors, evaluating the impact on thermophysical properties (Wobbe index, density, viscosity, energy density, higher and lower heating values), compression power, economic feasibility and storage volume requirement."
	5.13. 02 Apr 2025, Energy Economics, The new merit order: The viability of energy-only electricity markets with only intermittent renewable energy sources and grid-scale storage, "Our paper shows how an equilibrium price emerges in a future energy-only market that is composed of 100% renewables plus storage - and no conventional generators. Thus, we are in world of zero marginal costs, without a traditional merit order defined by interlocking marginal costs of different generators."
	5.14. 29 Mar 2025, materialstoday CHEMISTRY, Blurring the lines between MOF and HOF: Permanently porous hydrogen-bonded framework UNAM-2 based on a Cu13 metal- organic anion and a diamidinium cation, "Here we describe the directed transformation of UNAM-1 into UNAM-2, another permanently porous HBF with enhanced stability towards solvents and activation, and a hitherto unknown topology based on the [CuIICuI12(HL)10(H2L)2]8– anion (referred to as Cu-MBB2) and terephthalamidinium cations [1,4-{(H2N)2C}2C6H4]2+ (TPDA2+)."
	5.15. 26 Mar 2025, Results in Physics, Optimized activation of coffee-ground carbons for hydrogen storage, "Incorporating a novel dual activation process that combines chemical and physical activation our findings indicate that the two-step chemical activation yields superior results, producing activated carbons with a high specific surface area of 1680 m2/g and a micropore volume of 0.616 cm3/g. "
	5.16. 21 Mar 2025, Results in Physics, Study of particle solidification growth evolution during slush hydrogen freeze-thaw process based on Phase Field-Lattice Boltzmann method, "LH2: This study explores the growth and aging mechanisms of slush hydrogen particles, which can provide theoretical guidance for the preparation of high-quality slush hydrogen."
	5.17. 17 Mar 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, A comprehensive review on liquid hydrogen transfer operations and safety considerations for mobile applications, "This study offers an extensive overview of technical considerations and safety aspects pertaining to liquid hydrogen installations and mobile applications. A significant lack of regulations specifically tailored for LH2 transfer operations is highlighted."
	5.18. 11 Mar 2025, Ocean Engineering, Performance evaluation of roll motion in offshore green hydrogen floating production storage and offloading with internal flow in liquid-hydrogen storage tanks, "This study examined the impact of different tank filling ratios through numerical simulations and physical model tests conducted in the Deep Ocean Engineering Basin of the Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering."
	5.19. 03 Mar 2025, ACS The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Engineering Work Function to Stabilize Metal Oxides in Reactive Hydrogen, "Here we tailor the work function of a complex TM oxide by tuning the relative contents of its constituent TM atoms and show that increasing the fraction of a low-work function TM decreases the work function of the complex oxide."
	5.20. 02 Mar 2025, ACS Langmuir, Adsorption-Induced Deformation in Microporous Kerogen by Hydrogen and Methane: Implications for Underground Hydrogen Storage, "Our results reveal that in the presence of cushion gases like CH4, which exhibit stronger adsorption than H2, neglecting kerogen deformation can lead to an underestimation of storage capacity by approximately 40%."

► R6. APP: Automotive / Rail Industry (20)

	6.1. 05 Jun 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Automotive PEM fuel cell catalyst layer degradation mechanisms and characterisation techniques, Part II: Platinum degradation, "There is limited emphasis on analysing the kinetic aspects and the parameters affecting the kinetics of reported degradation mechanisms, especially under automotive conditions, highlighting a significant gap in the field. This review aims to bridge this gap by offering a fresh perspective on Pt degradation analysis within automotive PEMFCs."
	6.2. 13 May 2025, China Daily, Guizhou pioneers hydrogen power for coal transport, "China's first commercially operated H2-powered locomotive began trial runs on Saturday in Liupanshui, Guizhou province, marking a significant milestone in the city's long-term drive to modernize its coal industry. The locomotive can be fully refueled in about 15 minutes, delivering up to 800 km of range and hauling over 4,500 tonnes, which makes it ideal for short-haul coal transport. All of its H2 is sourced on-site, extracted from coke-oven gas at the local plant at about one-third the cost of conventional water-electrolysis production."
	6.3. 02 May 2025, Green Technologies and Sustainability, Fuel cell technologies in the automotive sector: A focus on proton exchange membrane and Alkaline fuel cells, "This review article focuses on the development and application of fuel cell technologies specifically Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) and Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) as viable alternatives for the future of the automotive industry."
	6.4. 24 Apr 2025, Zepp.solutions, Discover zepp.europa, "The first hydrogen-powered truck that doesn’t require compromises. With a range of over 700 km and the capability to haul a standard ISO trailer (45ft container), Europa delivers the same payload and workflow as its diesel counterparts. The Europa truck, powered by zepp.solutions’ advanced zepp.X150 fuel cell system, is designed for heavy-duty performance while delivering silent, vibration-free, and emission-free operation — all without compromising on efficiency or reliability. Zepp.europa is available in 4×2 and 6×2 configurations, with hydrogen storage at 350 or 700 bar."
	6.5. 24 Apr 2025, Energy Conversion and Management, Understanding the role of thermo-diffusive instabilities in hydrogen combustion for lean-burn spark-ignition engine operation, "The study focuses on identifying potential sources of prediction errors and validating the robustness of the methodology under different operating conditions. The results indicate that the method performs well within moderate dilution ratios, but its accuracy decreases at higher dilution levels (e.g., = 3.4), where predictions become less reliable."
	6.6. 23 Apr 2025, Energy Reports, The future of sustainable transit: Hydrogen-powered trams and PEMFCS, "This study analyzes the feasibility of carrying out hydrogen fuel cells in tram systems in Istanbul. By conducting simulations in Matlab Simulink to determine the efficiency, energy coverage, and cost of three different PEMFC models, this research aims to contribute to the literature on sustainable transportation alternatives."
	6.7. 17 Apr 2025, Energy Conversion and Management, Transitioning Australia’s land freight transport: Competition of fuel cell electric, battery electric, and internal combustion engine vehicle, "This study introduces an innovative freight transport model, incorporating a novel approach to calculating vehicle time costs, refuelling time, and energy intensity, applied to Australia’s freight sector. Findings indicate that under moderate development, battery electric vehicles gain a larger share in light commercial vehicles, while fuel cell electric vehicles dominate the truck segment."
	6.8. 03 Apr 2025, Hyundai, Hyundai Motor Reveals Bold and Efficient Hydrogen FCEV Concept Previewing New Design Language, "Hyundai Motor introduced the all-new NEXO at the Seoul Mobility Show 2025, marking a significant milestone in hydrogen mobility and the all-new NEXO targets more than 700 km of range from a five-minute charge."
	6.9. 28 Mar 2025, Fuel, Comparative computational study of hydrogen and natural gas in high-pressure direct-injection (HPDI) compression-ignition engines: Combustion characteristics, thermal efficiency, and local pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, "Given the commercial feasibility of HPDI engines fueled by methane (or natural gas), this research aims to implement hydrogen in HPDI engines and identify key differences in combustion characteristics, efficiency, and pollutant emissions to guide the development of efficient low-carbon engine technologies."
	6.10. 20 Mar 2025, ACS Omega, Effect of Auxiliary Hydrogen Injection in the Prechamber on the Combustion Process of a Natural Gas Engine, "In this study, it is suggested to use auxiliary hydrogen injection to improve the mixture in the prechamber, thereby improving the ignition performance of the prechamber jet."
	6.11. 06 Mar 2025, TEDA, 1st Batch of 200kW Hydrogen-Powered Trucks Rolled Out in TEDA, "The model is built on the Farizon Xinghan G platform and is equipped with the Rockcheck Hydrogen Power Fe6-200kW fuel cell system and a high-capacity Type IV onboard hydrogen storage system, features multiple breakthroughs in thermal management and intelligent driving technology."
	6.12. 19 Feb 2025, Komatsu, Komatsu begins proof-of-concept tests for the world’s first large dump truck equipped with a hydrogen combustion engine, "Komatsu has developed a concept machine by equipping its flagship large dump truck, the HD785 (maximum payload: approximately 92 metric tons), with a H2 combustion engine for proof-of-concept tests at its Ibaraki Plant as world’s first attempt to equip a large dump truck with a H2 combustion engine."
	6.13. 19 Feb 2025, Honda, Honda Reveals Specification for its Next-generation Fuel Cell Module, "An output of 150 kW, the Honda Next Generation Fuel Cell Module will feature half of the production cost and more than double the durability compared to the current model. Moreover, the module was downsized by increasing the volumetric power density*1 by more than three times, which increased the flexibility of installation layouts."
	6.14. 17 Feb 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Performance and emissions characteristics of hydrogen-diesel heavy-duty engines: The influence of engine control parameters, "This study investigates the impacts of these controlling parameters on the combustion characteristics, limiting factors, and emissions of an HDDF engine. Experimental tests were conducted on a 2.4 L, single-cylinder research engine under medium load and speed conditions (1200 rpm, 8 bar brake mean effective pressure) with varying H2 fractions."
	6.15. 14 Feb 2025, Toyota, Toyota Develops New Fuel Cell System, "The main features of the 3rd Gen FC System include an improvement in durability, up to 2x (two times) that of the prior generation, achieving durability comparable to diesel engines and maintenance-free design, improvements in fuel efficiency of 1.2x allowing for 20% greater range, and significant cost reduction through innovations in cell design & manufacturing processes."
	6.16. 29 Jan 2025, Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, Transitioning to Sustainable E-Vehicle Systems – Global Perspectives on the Challenges, Policies and Opportunities, "Here we examined the available technological solutions and explored equitable infrastructure development such as promoting hybrid and renewable energy-powered solutions and establishing formal recycling units to bring in circularity for manufacturing and adoption of EV vehicles in both developed and developing economies."
	6.17. 10 Jan 2025, JCB, LANDMARK START TO 2025 AS JCB's HYDROGEN ENGINE APPROVED FOR USE, "This is a very significant moment for JCB. To start the New Year with certification in place in so many European countries bodes very well for the future of hydrogen combustion technology."
	6.18. 02 Jan 2025, Energy Conversion and Management, Full emissions and energy consumption life cycle assessment of different Heavy-Duty vehicles powered by Electricity, H2, CH30H, and LNG fuels produced from various sources, "We provide a detailed Well to Wheels Life Cycle Assessment of various Heavy-duty Vehicles including a Long-Haul Truck, Intercity Bus, & Refuse Truck powered by different energy sources & fuels."
	6.19. 25 Dec 2024, Measurement: Sensors, Parameters affecting the reliability of sampling during the assessment of the purity of H2 used as a vehicle fuel, "We present information gathered in the project MetHyTrucks starting with the current and future operational parameters that are/will be used for the refuelling of trucks at HD H2 refuelling stations and then focussing on the parameters affecting the reliability of the sampling."
	6.20. 24 Dec 2024, GCK Mobility, GCK Mobility integrates innovative technologies to decarbonise transport, "Hybrid electric-hydrogen retrofitting involves replacing a vehicle’s internal combustion engine with an electric motor powered by a battery, which in turn is powered by a hydrogen-powered fuel cell. The hydrogen provides the energy needed for greater range, while the medium-capacity battery combines power and performance. The capacity of the hydrogen tank determines the range of the whole vehicle."

► R7. APP: Aviation / UAS Industry (20)

	7.1. 31 May 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Design and experimental characterization of a Micromix burner based on an optimized injection methodology "This study presents a design methodology applied to a 10 kW burner. Its ability to operate with hydrogen concentrations exceeding 80 % was experimentally validated, achieving stable and efficient combustion."
	7.2. 26 May 2025, Combustion and Flame, Deep learning based combustion chemistry acceleration method for widely applicable turbulent combustion simulations "In this study, we present a neural network model with variable time steps aimed at enhancing the efficiency of combustion chemistry simulations focusing on the complex dual-fuel under premixed combustion."
	7.3. 13 May 2025, Fuel, Experimental and numerical characterization of a single-hole LPDI Hydrogen injector: identification of a suitable inert replacement for Hydrogen jet studies "In this work, a detailed numerical and experimental characterization of a single-hole gas injector is presented using Argon (Ar), Helium (He), and Nitrogen (N2) as substitutes for Hydrogen (H2). The use of inert gases is a common practice in the literature to reduce experimental costs and enhance safety."
	7.4. 09 May 2025, AeroDelft, Student team achieves liquid hydrogen flight breakthrough "AeroDelft, one of Delft University of Technology's student teams, successfully designed and tested an electric aircraft propulsion system using liquid hydrogen as an energy source. It is the first student team to do so. The successful test was conducted at the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research liquid hydrogen test facility in Ypenburg, The Hague."
	7.5. 14 Apr 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, A review of hydrogen micromix combustion technologies for gas turbine applications "This review evaluates the state-of-the-art hydrogen micromix combustion technologies, focusing on injector performance, flashback characteristics, and NOx reduction strategies. Injector designs are categorized based on premixing and flame stabilization techniques."
	7.6. 26 Mar 2025, Fuel, Stabilization and emissions characteristics of CH4–H2 blends in a premixed jet stabilized combustor "This study bridges a critical research gap on premixed jet-stabilized combustors operating on CH4/H2 fuel admixtures by providing a comprehensive experimental dataset that includes velocity fields, temperature, composition, and flame chemiluminescence for varying equivalence ratios and H2 content, varying from 0 to 100 % H2 by volume, in the fuel mixture."
	7.7. 25 Mar 2025, Airbus, Airbus showcases hydrogen aircraft technologies during its 2025 Airbus Summit "The four fuel cell systems would be supplied via two liquid hydrogen tanks and this concept will continue to be refined over the coming years as additional tests will help mature the technologies associated with hydrogen storage and distribution, as well as with the propulsion systems. Airbus are confident this provides the necessary power density for a hydrogen-powered commercial aircraft to evolve as the technology matures."
	7.8. 19 Mar 2025, MDPI, HStrategies to Increase Hydrogen Energy Share of a Dual-Fuel Hydrogen–Kerosene Engine for Sustainable General Aviation "This paper focuses on strategies to mitigate these irregular combustion phenomena while effectively increasing the H2 energy share. Experimental evaluations were conducted on an engine test bench using a one-cylinder dual-fuel H2 kerosene engine, utilizing two strategies, including water injection & rising the air–fuel ratio by increasing the boost pressure."
	7.9. 15 Mar 2025, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Hydrogen–electric–thermal coupling analysis and validation of superconducting turbo-electric hybrid propulsion system "This study focuses on the design of a liquid hydrogen-cooled superconducting TEHPS, incorporating detailed models for key components, including the hydrogen turbine engine, fuel cell, and superconducting machines."
	7.10. 11 Feb 2025, Fabrum, Fabrum launches hydrogen testing facility at Christchurch airport (NZ) to accelerate zero emission aviation "Fabrum at Christchurch Airport offers a world-class facility that supports the development & testing of H2 solutions to support global decarbonisation efforts. Having LH2 as an aviation fuel available on-site is vital for the aviation sector, rapidly advancing towards hydrogen-fuelled operations to unlock a zero-emissions future."
	7.11. 26 Jan 2025, Franklin Open, Improved sliding mode temperature control of hydrogen fuel cells for multirotor drones "The research findings provide important references for the efficient operation of hydrogen drones, promote the application, and propel the application and maturation of hydrogen-based fuel cell technology in the drone area."
	7.12. 23 Jan 2025, Franklin Open, Energy equivalent consumption and optimization strategies for hybrid hydrogen fuel systems in multirotor drones "This paper presents an improved Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) designed to optimize energy management for the hybrid hydrogen fuel power setups in multirotor drones. The proposed strategy aims to reduce hydrogen consumption and enhance the performance of the system consisting of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) and lithium batteries."
	7.13. 22 Jan 2025, CQU, Research to help hydrogen-electric aircraft take off "The project – supported by the Regional University Industry Collaboration (RUIC) Program – aims to design a heat management system for a high temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) system that will help accelerate Stralis’ efforts to integrate the fuel cell into their hydrogen powered aircraft."
	7.14. 10 Jan 2025, NASA, Hydrogen Hybrid Power for Aviation Sustainable Systems (Hy2PASS) "Hy2PASS: the specific architecture of hybridization, how it changes the fundamental elements of the aircraft integration, and how these holistic design changes can be leveraged to simultaneously result in large reductions in mission energy required while practically introducing a zero-emissions solution."
	7.15. 03 Dec 2024, FAA, Hydrogen-Fueled Aircraft Safety and Certification Roadmap "At the forefront of our efforts is aviation safety. We have developed this roadmap to outline the current knowledge, key research priorities, and collaborative efforts essential to enabling the safe use of hydrogen in civil aviation aircraft. This roadmap was developed in collaboration with several FAA offices."
	7.16. 13 Oct 2024, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Hydrogen propulsion systems for aircraft, a review on recent advances and ongoing challenges "H2 as a fuel for the aircraft propulsion systems is considered and a comprehensive overview of the H2 propulsion systems in aviation is presented with an emphasis on the technical aspects crucial for creating a more sustainable and efficient air transportation sector."
	7.17. 12 Sep 2024, ZeroAvia, ZeroAvia Completes $150m Series C Financing "ZeroAvia has extensively flight tested a prototype of its first ZA600-engine aboard a Dornier 228 aircraft at its UK base and the application for certification is underway with the CAA & also performed advanced ground tests in the US and UK for the key building block technologies for the ZA2000 system, including cryogenic tanks for LH2."
	7.18. 20 Aug 2024, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Investigation on the heat transfer estimation of subcooled liquid hydrogen for transportation applications using intelligent technique, "Hydrogen as a green energy carrier has become the center of attention in the recent years. The main reason behind this recent hype around hydrogen is the Net-zero programs in different countries around the world to curb CO2 emissions,"
	7.19. 11 Jul 2024, Joby Aviation, Joby demonstrates potential for emissions-free regional journeys with landmark 523-mile (841 km) hydrogen-electric flight, "Landmark 523 mile flight, with water as the only by-product; Flight demonstrates potential for emissions-free regional travel; Hydrogen-electric program supported through Joby’s partnership with the U.S. Air Force’s Agility Prime program."
	7.20. 27 Jun 2024, Auora Aviation, Fuel Cell Powers SKIRON-XLE sUAS for Long Range Reconnaissance, "Aurora uses a customized version of UGCS-Defense, which meets international STANAG 4586 standards as well the US Army’s Interoperability standards, Modular Open Systems Approach to software and hardware interoperability, plus Trillium payloads & fuel cell from Intelligent Energy."

► R8. APP: Defence / Military Industry (20)

	8.1. 28 May 2025, Skyeton, RAYBIRD UAV COMPLETED A FLIGHT POWERED BY HYDROGEN FUEL "The Skyeton Raybird UAS is used in long-endurance surveillance and reconnaissance missions and with the shift toward hydrogen-electric propulsion, the platform will offer enhanced operational efficiency and environmental performance for both defense and civilian applications."
	8.2. 20 Apr 2025, SCMP, China tests non-nuclear hydrogen bomb, science paper shows "Chinese researchers have successfully detonated a hydrogen-based explosive device in a controlled field test, triggering devastating chemical chain reactions without using any nuclear materials, according to a study published last month. The 2kg bomb generated a fireball exceeding 1,000 degrees Celsius for more than two seconds – 15 x equivalent TNT blast. Developed by the China State Shipbuilding Corporation’s 705 Research Institute, a key player in underwater weapon systems, the device uses a magnesium-based solid-state hydrogen storage material." Past research: 11 May 2022, ScienceDirect, H2-storage emulsion explosives
	8.3. 09 Apr 2025, Global Times, China’s 50kg-class hydrogen-powered drone sets new domestic record with 30-hour continuous flight "The drone, jointly developed by the Chengdu Aircraft Industrial Group Co under the Aviation Industry Corporation of China, a state-owned aerospace and defense conglomerate, and Tsinghua University, achieved a breakthrough in the integrated design technology of flight, propulsion and control systems based on the output characteristics of hydrogen fuel cells."
	8.4. 19 Mar 2025, NovaSpark, Prototypes Delivered for DIU’s HyTEC Project for Operational Testing and Evaluation "The first Hydrogen at the Tactical Edge of Contested Logistics (HyTEC) prototype systems have recently been delivered to Marine Corps units on Marine Corps Base Hawaii and Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Yuma for operator testing and evaluation."
	8.5. 17 Feb 2025, BlueBird, BlueBird Revolutionizes Tactical VTOL UAVs with Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology "The WanderB-VTOL is an electric VTOL Mini-UAS, designed for rapid deployment and operation in any environment. Combat-proven, it can effectively function in GPS-denied and spoofed conditions. This VTOL UAV has unprecedented flight endurance of over six (6) hours, unmatched reliability and a sustainable energy solution."
	8.6. 06 Feb 2025, Haskel, Why Hydrogen-Powered Drones Are Essential in Defense Applications "Hydrogen-powered drone technology is slowly becoming one of the most common forms of aerial vehicles used by organizations in the defense industry. Because drones have an acoustic and vibration signature ideal for surveillance and recon missions, they are often used in military operations."
	8.7. 31 Jan 2025, Research & Markets, Military Power Solutions Research Report 2025: Rising Demand for High-Capacity Batteries and Compact Power Units, Renewable Energy Integration Amidst Defense Modernization Efforts "Hydrogen fuel cells are gaining prominence in the military as an alternative power source due to their high energy density and long operational duration. These fuel cells offer the advantage of extended runtime, making them ideal for powering portable systems such as soldiers' gear, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and remote equipment in the field. Fuel cells operate efficiently in harsh conditions, providing a reliable power source even in extreme temperatures, which is often a challenge for conventional batteries."
	8.8. 15 Jan 2025, Heven Drones, HevenDrones Partners with SmartShooter for Drone Defense "Heven's hydrogen-powered, runway-independent drones are designed with endurance and adaptability in mind. Built for the most complex missions, Heven's drones operate anywhere—efficiently, quietly, and reliably— providing the warfighter with the technology to get the job done."
	8.9. 08 Jan 2025, US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center celebrates US Army’s first hydrogen-powered nanogrid "The nanogrid at WSMR uses renewable H2 fuel to replace traditional bulky, noisy diesel generators. It provides power to a surveillance camera system and meteorological weather equipment, supporting continuous, unattended operation in a remote off-grid location. The nanogrid enables this equipment to operate in the particular location where “silent watch” capabilities of H2-powered generation are needed in a pristine environment."
	8.10. 10 Sep 2024, GeoPura, GeoPura Hydrogen Power Trial Advances Green Energy for UK Ministry of Defence Sites "GeoPura, a leading provider of zero-emission energy solutions, is proud to announce the successful completion of a landmark hydrogen power trial with the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The trial successfully introduced and utilised hydrogen on military bases to generate electricity to recharge electric cars."
	8.11. 19 Aug 2024, Blueflite, Blueflite, an innovator in advanced drone technology, is proud to announce its participation in the Northern Strike 2024 "Blueflite® CEO Frank Noppel said the Northern Territory is the ideal location to develop, test and deploy long-range hydrogen powered UAVs which have the potential to shrink distances, increase services in remote areas and decarbonise last mile transportation."
	8.12. 08 Jul 2024, NATO Energy Security, Executive Summary of the field experiment conducted by NATO ENSEC COE in the summer of 2023, utilizing Hydrogen Fuel Cell technology within the military environment "The field trial, conducted at French military site in Gergy “CIEP,” was a unique endeavor that provided a “close to mission” environment. The trial involved using 2xH2 fuel cells for 400W & 1000W."
	8.13. 08 May 2024, Janes, DSA 2024: Malvus Sense unveils hydrogen-electric-powered VTOL UAS "Malaysian firm Malvus Sense unveiled the CW-25H, a new H2-electric-powered vertical take-off & landing in collaboration with Chinese UAS firm JOUAV at the Defence Services Asia 2024. Powered by hydrogen-electric hybrid technology, the CW-25H has a flight time of up to 330 minutes. The two companies are collaborating on UASs for the Malaysian Armed Forces."
	8.14. 22 Apr 2024, University of Sydney, Medical drone project receives $3.6 million to close health gap in rural and remote Australia "The medical drone is being designed to enable early detection, prevention, and treatment of health conditions common in rural and remote regions of Australia, such as sepsis and to actively contribute. Militarily, US Air Force: Drones essential to combat medicine."
	8.15. 15 Apr 2024, Military Aerospace Communications, Japan pours billions of yen into plan to build the world’s largest hydrogen fuel cell for aviation "Japan's New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO), a government research agency, is using $86 million in funds to develop a 4MW hydrogen fuel cell by 2029 & by developing technology for components that make up fuel-cell electric propulsion systems for aircraft applications."
	8.16. 15 Apr 2024, BWR, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Microgrid Project: Energy Innovation, Integration and Assurance "BWR Innovation announces it was recently granted a two-year subcontract by The Global Connective Center, LLC as a part of an agreement with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to develop and integrate capabilities for a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Microgrid (H2MG) to promote operation energy resilience."
	8.17. 07 Apr 2024, H2 IQ, HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS: POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE US MILITARY "The US Army’s recent initiative to award up to $1.8 million for clean hydrogen-fuel technologies underscores the military’s commitment to reducing its carbon footprint. These investments are focused on pioneering solutions that could revolutionize energy consumption in combat and peacetime scenarios alike."
	8.18. 02 Apr 2024, Honeywell, Honeywell Wins Contract To Develop Hydrogen Fuel Cell Power System For U.S. Army Soldiers "Honeywell’s small fuel cell will be used on the move to charge batteries and power equipment, reducing the number of spare batteries needed by the soldier or squad. Additionally, the system is designed to complement standard electronic equipment a U.S. soldier already uses."
	8.19. 12 Mar 2024, Cellula Robotics, Metron and Cellula Robotics, USA Sign a Strategic Partnership Agreement to Advance UUV Capabilities for Long Duration Operations in Dynamic Environments "Cellula’s Solus-LR and Solus-XR platforms (the latter with an operational range of at least 5,000 kilometers), will be equipped with Cellula’s cutting-edge hydrogen fuel cell technology."
	8.20. 11 Dec 2023, SKYCORP Technologies, e-Drone Zero "The e-Drone Zero is a surveillance-focused H2 drone. As a multirotor configuration, it is nimble, compact, resilient & capable of acting off-grid as necessary. Extended Flight Times – 90-120 min; Refueling 2-5 min; On-board Processing – Support for AI; EO-IR Payload; Comms – Radio/LTE/5G/Satcom."

► R9. APP: Marine / Maritime Industry (20)

	9.1. 31 May 2025, Cryogenics, A cryogenic tank thermodynamic process model for marine applications "The modelling of liquid hydrogen tanks has been extensively investigated in the context of space, aeronautical and land vehicle applications and as decarbonization becomes a growing concern and hydrogen promises to be a zero-carbon fuel for both land and sea applications, studies on LH2 as a marine cargo or fuel are beginning to emerge."
	9.2. 31 May 2025, Tokio Marine, Tokio Marine debuts new green transformation insurance unit "Tokio Marine GX (TMGX), aims to provide specialist insurance and risk management solutions to facilitate the decarbonisation of business operations and capitalise on emerging green opportunities. TMGX is built upon the expertise of GCube in renewable energy underwriting, Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire’s offshore marine insurance and the knowledge of Tokio Marine’s worldwide operations."
	9.3. 13 May 2025, frontiers, Hydrogen-powered vessels in green maritime decarbonization: policy drivers, technological frontiers and challenges "This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of hydrogen-powered vessels and explores their potential and practical applications as a green shipping solution. The objective is to examine the application of hydrogen technologies in ship propulsion systems, along with related technological innovations, regulatory developments, and industry standards."
	9.4. 18 Apr 2025, Ocean Engineering, Alternative fuels and design modifications for environmentally sustainable marine vessels "The work is focused on outlining the impact of traditional marine vessels on the environment, then moving on to presenting possible alternative fuel solutions before finally discussing ways of implementing these solutions in existing marine vessels."
	9.5. 12 Apr 2025, Ocean Engineering, Rux Energy and Serco Collaborate on Groundbreaking Hydrogen Storage Project Funded by Connected Places Catapult "This paper presents a novel investigation into battery-hybrid electric propulsion systems using alternative fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia, integrating optimal load control mechanisms with real-time lifecycle assessment models."
	9.6. 09 Apr 2025, Yanmar, Yanmar Power Technology Secures Approval in Principle for Maritime Hydrogen Fuel Cell System from DNV "The Yanmar GH320FC is designed as a next-generation power source for marine applications with an innovative design that facilitates easy installation on various types of vessels. The system also allows for multiple units to be connected in parallel and offers flexibility in the number of H2 fuel cell modules, enabling it to meet diverse power requirements across different ship types and operations."
	9.7. 27 Mar 2025, Rux Energy Serco, Rux Energy and Serco Collaborate on Groundbreaking Hydrogen Storage Project Funded by Connected Places Catapult "Rux Energy’s breakthrough solution incorporates a patented advanced nanoporous material, which fill the void of a tank, acting like a “sponge” for hydrogen molecules, increasing its density, allowing hydrogen to be stored at more moderate temperatures and lower pressures – this increases energy efficiency and radically improves safety, at a fraction of the cost of traditional storage methods."
	9.8. 25 Feb 2025, Zepp.solutions, Zepp.solutions to supply hydrogen fuel cell systems for zero-emission river cruise vessel "Zepp.solutions will supply the fuel cell systems used in the retrofit of an existing cruise vessel with a fully modular hydrogen and battery-electric drivetrain. The H2 fuel cell systems will deliver a power output exceeding 1MW, using Zepp’s X150 fuel cell modules – a system that has already proven itself in heavy-duty applications such as H2-powered trucks"
	9.9. 27 Jan 2025, Yanmar, Yanmar Hydrogen Engine Production Plan Approved Under Zero-Emission Ships Project "Yanmar project aims to establish an advanced production system for zero-emission ships powered by hydrogen and batteries. By developing essential production facilities for hydrogen-fueled propulsion systems, the initiative seeks to reduce CO2 emissions through market adoption while boosting industrial competitiveness and economic growth."
	9.10. 20 Dec 2024, SWITCH Maritime, Sea Change Hydrogen Ferry Demonstration Project "Welcome aboard Sea Change, the world’s first commercial hydrogen fuel-cell powered ferry. Sea Change will be operating special trips on SF Bay Ferry’s Pier 41. Rides are free. MV Sea Change is owned by SWITCH Maritime, and was developed by the company with support from a grant provided by the California Air Resources Board."
	9.11. 30 Oct 2024, Yanmar, Successful Operation at Rated Output in the Trial of a H2 4-Stroke High-Speed Engine for Coastal Vessels "The tested pilot-ignition H2 engine operates by using a small amount of diesel oil as the ignition source (pilot fuel) to burn a premixture of hydrogen and air. With this operation, the engine achieved the world’s highest H2 fuel ratio and an output of approximately 500 kW, leading the industry."
	9.12. 13 Oct 2024, MDPI, A Technical Study on an Integrated Closed-Loop SOFC & NH3 Decomposition System for Marine Application "This study result proves that the integrated system of NH3 cracking SOFCs can maintain a self-balanced condition, ensuring adequate SOFC heat supply for the ammonia cracking process to produce H2 while supporting normal SOFC operation & generating heat."
	9.13. 24 Sep 2024, FCHEA, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Develoipments in Marine Transportation "The Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association (FCHEA) is the leading industry association in the United States representing more than one hundred leading organizations advancing production, distribution, and use of innovative, clean, safe, and reliable hydrogen energy."
	9.14. 16 Sep 2024, DNV, DNV awards AiP to HD Hyundai for 80K CBM electric propulsion Liquefied Hydrogen Carrier: An innovative solution to enable large-scale H2 shipping "The vessel is equipped with HD Hyundai's new large LH2 tanks featuring advanced vacuum insulation and an electric propulsion system with H2 Dual Fuel HiMSEN engines, allowing flexible fuel use between diesel and hydrogen."
	9.15. 03 Sep 2024, DNV, HYPERMOTIVE AND HONDA COLLABORATE TO BRING INNOVATIVE HYDROGEN POWER SOLUTION TO THE MARITIME SECTOR "Developed in collaboration with Honda, and underpinned by Hypermotive’s SYSTEM-X technology, X-M1 is a scalable, modular, hydrogen fuel cell power system that makes clean energy transition more accessible and achievable for maritime operators."
	9.16. 19 Aug 2024, MDPI, Hydrogen Production from Wave Power Farms to Refuel Hydrogen-Powered Ships in the Mediterranean Sea "This paper explores the technoeconomic viability of harnessing wave energy from the Mediterranean Sea to produce green hydrogen for hydrogen-powered ships. Four promising island locations—near Sardegna, Galite, Western Crete, and Eastern Crete—were selected."
	9.17. 12 Jul 2024, Ocean Engineering, Zero-emission propulsion system featuring, Flettner rotors, batteries and fuel cells, for a merchant ship "Here we propose a zero-emission hybrid hydrogen-wind-powered propulsion system to be retrofitted to a benchmark merchant ship with a conventional propulsion system. The ship and its propulsion systems are modelled using an in-house platform."
	9.18. 11 Jul 2024, MDPI, Opportunities and Challenges of Hydrogen Ports: An Empirical Study in Australia and Japan "This paper investigated the opportunities and challenges of integrating ports into hydrogen (H2) supply chains in the context of Australia and Japan because they are leading countries in the field and are potential leaders in the upcoming large-scale H2 trade."
	9.19. 19 Jun 2024, Energys-Anlegg, Energys and Anlegg & Marine Service Join Forces to Propel Zero Emissions Maritime Solutions in Norway "Energys for small - medium vessels: 90kW, 135kW, and 270kW Marine Powerhouses. For medium - large vessels: 1MW, 2MW, and 3MW Marine Powerhouses - delivering high power output with exceptional fuel efficiency for ferries, Ro-Ro ships, tugs & large ocean vessels."
	9.20. 11 May 2024, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Hydrogen as a deep sea shipping fuel: Modelling the volume requirements "This study focused on one potential future fuel for shipping: hydrogen. The justification is that other leading candidates for future fuels (such as e-methanol and e-ammonia) require a hydrogen feedstock for production. Therefore, hydrogen will always be less energy intensive to produce than either of these fuels."

► R10. APP: Smelting [Al,Cu,Fe], HE Industry (20)

	10.1. 31 May 2025, Applied Energy, Renewables pull and strategic push – What drives hydrogen-based steel relocation? "In this study, we first review the literature to specify the key economic and strategic variables that can pull and push H-DRI-EAF-based steel making in value chains using green hydrogen. Secondly, we select and calculate the Levelized Cost of Steel (LCOS) for a range of scenarios defined by five archetypical H-DRI-EAF steel value chain configurations using green hydrogen."
	10.2. 30 May 2025, Nippon Steel Breakthrough technology development to decarbonize steelmaking processes "Noting reduction with hydrogen is an endothermic reaction, the temperature drop in the furnace causes problems such as the reaction not being sustained and the iron not melting, so in order to realize hydrogen steelmaking, we are tackling these problems by development of breakthrough technologies such as 1. high-temperature heating of flammable hydrogen, 2. securing of gas flow in the furnace, 3. additional melting process, and 4. large-scale production for production."
	10.3. 19 May 2025, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Low-temperature carburizing improves hydrogen embrittlement resistance of cold worked 304 austenitic stainless steel "In this study, low-temperature carburizing (LTC) was performed on cold worked 304 ASS. Its effect on the mechanical properties and HE was investigated by electrochemical cathodic hydrogen charging and slow strain rate tensile test."
	10.4. 24 Apr 2025, ArXiv, Permeation and thermal desorption model of hydrogen in steel: a sensitivity analysis "This work presents a fully physical model of the hydrogen diffusion and trapping kinetics in metals, integrating permeation and thermal desorption within a unified framework and is based on the McNabb and Foster approach."
	10.5. 10 Apr 2025, Stegra, Stegra supported by the EU Innovation Fund "Stegra are building a next-generation steel mill in northern Sweden, complete with a green hydrogen and green iron plant. It will be powered by renewable electricity and consequently deliver CO2 emissions reductions of up to 95 percent."
	10.6. 01 Apr 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Experimental investigation of the oxidation behaviour of stainless steel exposed to different air- and oxy-fuel natural gas or hydrogen combustion atmospheres and temperatures during reheating on a semi-industrial scale "This study investigates the impact of air- and oxy-fuel combustion with natural gas and hydrogen on the scaling behaviour of EN 1.4307 (AISI 304L) stainless steel. The residual oxygen, and the sample core temperature, 1200 °C and 1300 °C, were varied."
	10.7. 21 Mar 2025, MDPI, The Extractive Industry’s Decarbonization Potential Using Electrification and Hydrogen Technologies "Here the reduction of CO2 emissions is analyzed, and a breakthrough route for H2S decomposition is presented, which is a by-product of the direct reduction of sulfide ores with H2. Electrified indirect-fired metallurgical kiln advantages are also presented, a solution that can substitute fossil fuel-based heating technologies, which is one of the main backbones of industrial processes currently applied to the extractive industries."
	10.8. 14 Mar 2025, Cell Press, Techno-economic analysis of low-carbon hydrogen production pathways for decarbonizing steel and ammonia production "This study provides an extensive analysis of the economics of clean hydrogen production for decarbonizing steelmaking and ammonia synthesis via three key production routes: fossil-based routes including steam methane reforming with and without carbon capture and sequestration and autothermal reforming with CCS, grid-powered electrolysis (with and without on-site renewables), and off-grid renewable-driven electrolysis."
	10.9. 05 Mar 2025, WWF-Deloitte, Report: Forging Futures: Changing the nature of iron and steel production "The report found that developing Australia’s green iron manufacturing capacity, producing iron with renewable hydrogen and exporting it to countries like Japan and Korea for steelmaking was the most economically competitive option for Australia."
	10.10. 27 Feb 2025, HYBRIT, HYBRIT: Large-scale storage of fossil-free hydrogen gas successfully proven "HYBRIT’s pilot project for hydrogen gas storage has now been completed and reported to the Swedish Energy Agency. The results show that it is technically possible to store fossil-free hydrogen gas for producing fossil-free iron and steel on an industrial scale."
	10.11. 12 Feb 2025, Carbon Capture Science & Technology, Towards net-zero in steel production: Process simulation and environmental impacts of carbon capture, storage and utilisation of blast furnace gas "In an attempt to understand better the environmental impacts of emerging decarbonisation options for the steel industry, this study investigates for the first time the integration of CL-RWGS and FT processes to convert BFG into transport fuels. Using process simulation and life cycle assessment (LCA), it estimates the life cycle impacts of this novel CCU approach for BFG decarbonisation."
	10.12. 08 Feb 2025, ACS Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Prospective Life Cycle Assessment Suggests Direct Reduced Iron Is the Most Sustainable Pathway to Net-Zero Steelmaking "This study explores pathways to achieve net-zero CO2eq emissions in the iron and steelmaking industry while minimizing environmental burdens beyond climate change. We conducted a comprehensive attributional life cycle assessment using the net-zero-CO2eq-emissions framework, incorporating both conventional and prospective life cycle assessment methods."
	10.13. 05 Feb 2025, MDPI, Strategic Selection of a Pre-Reduction Reactor for Increased Hydrogen Utilization in Hydrogen Plasma Smelting Reduction "This work aims to compare possible be around 20% lower compared to conventional integrated steel mills. The status of reactor types and propose the most suitable one for the pre-heating and pre-reduction of the process development is currently at technology readiness level 5, as a demonstration iron ores with HPSR off-gas."
	10.14. 03 Feb 2025, BLASTR, Blastr Green Steel completes partner financing round for ultra-low CO2 steel value chain "Blastr is creating a low-carbon mine-to-gate steel value chain with 90% lower C0₂ emissions than conventional steelmaking by using hydrogen instead of coal in the iron production process and feedstock made with carbon-free energy. This mine-to-gate model enables a differentiated and profitable business model with a low carbon footprint."
	10.15. 01 Feb 2025, Hydrometallurgy, Laterite ore processing with hydrogen via mild chemical pressure leaching or bioleaching "Chemical laterite leaching with hydrogen under pressure at 50 bar and ambient temperature also succeeded in metal extraction; however, the leaching efficiency strongly depended on the laterite mineralogical composition."
	10.16. 09 Jan 2025, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Global steel decarbonisation roadmaps: Near-zero by 2050 "This paper analyses the current state of research through a critical review of global iron and steel decarbonisation roadmaps to 2050. The consensus among scenarios and modelled pathways is that the sector will achieve near-zero emissions, falling short of net-zero targets by around 10%."
	10.17. 09 Jan 2025, Chemical Engineering Journal, A novel rotary-cavity reactor for sustainable solar metallurgy: Design and experimental demonstration of direct reduction of iron ore "A novel rotary-type solar reactor was designed, constructed and tested for demonstration of hydrogen-based direct iron ore reduction under real direct solar irradiation. Such a solar reactor concept for clean ironmaking has never been implemented before."
	10.18. 09 Dec 2024, MDPI, High Efficiency in Clean Hydrogen Production Using Water and AlLi Phases Prepared by Mechanical Alloying "The material was prepared by mechanical alloying using a high-energy Spex-type mill in an Al20Li ratio. Relatively short milling times were programmed for the preparation of AlLi phases. Through this process, two phases were identified, which react efficiently to produce clean h2."
	10.19. 21 Nov 2024, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Utilization of H2 fuel in reheating furnace & its effect on oxide scale formation of low-carbon steels "Here the oxidation behavior of low-carbon steels is investigated in a dynamic heating test to a max temp. 1180 °C in simulated reheating conditions & aims to determine effects of fuel gas transition from fossil fuels to H2 on the oxide scale formation of different low-carbon steels."
	10.20. 23 Oct 2024, Stegra, Green Steel - Say goodbye to a major polluter. Our near-zero emission steel will be the greenest ore-based steel produced at scale "Here the oxygen in the ore bonds with H2 producing H2O as a byproduct & at the same time making the iron ready for use in steelmaking. Scaled green H2 production enables the transition of hard-to-abate industries towards sustainability."

► R11. APP: Space Industry (20)

	11.1. 21 May 2025, Blue Origin, HIGH-PERFORMANCE HYDROGEN ENGINE Designed for First-Stage Applications "At full power, BE-3PM generates up to 490 kN thrust at Launch Site One 485 kN at sea level. When returning to Earth, it uniquely throttles down to 90 kN, enabling a gentle vertical landing on the pad and like the Space Shuttle’s main engines, BE-3PM uses high-performing liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. BE-3PM is designed for operational reusability with minimal maintenance between flights."
	11.2. 30 Apr 2025, Space, Tank for 1st Artemis touchdown on the moon "At NASA’s Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, the liquid hydrogen tank for the Artemis 3 Space Launch System rocket was moved into the factory's final assembly area on April 22, 2025. The 130-foot-tall (40-meter) propellant tank is one of the five major elements that comprise the 212-foot-tall (65-meter) SLS core stage. The stage, along with its four RS-25 rocket engines, and side-mounted solid rocket boosters, will be used to launch the Artemis 3 Orion spacecraft and its crew to walk on the moon."
	11.3. 04 Apr 2025, Honda, Honda R&D to Conduct Testing with Sierra Space and Tec-Masters on the International Space Statio "Honda is leveraging decades of hydrogen fuel cell technology expertise to develop a regenerative fuel cell system, known as a circulative renewable energy system, that will continuously produce oxygen, hydrogen, and electricity."
	11.4. 12 Feb 2025, Sierra Space Completes Test Campaign on Next Generation Vortex 35,000 lbf Fuel-Rich LOX LH2 Engine "The VR35K-A is a high-performance liquid oxygen (LOX)/liquid hydrogen (LH2) engine that employs a fuel-rich staged combustion cycle, an innovative turbopump architecture and a VORTEX® combustion chamber to produce 35,000 lbf of thrust at a higher performance than any engine currently on the market."
	11.5. 11 Feb 2025, NASA, Hubble Battery Tech Holds Power on Earth Nickel-hydrogen technology is safe, durable, and long-lasting – now it’s affordable too "Nickel-hydrogen battery technology has been around for decades. These batteries were first developed in the 1970s, and in the 1980s they began replacing nickel-cadmium technology on geosynchronous communications satellites run by the global consortium Intelsat."
	11.6. 20 Jan 2025, PHYS.ORG, NASA sets new hydrogen sulfide exposure limits for space missions "A SMAC value for hydrogen sulfide has not previously been established since it has not been of concern in spacecraft. However, with Artemis missions returning to the moon, there is a possibility that H2S could be released within spacecraft during lunar sample return, given that this compound may be a component of lunar polar ice."
	11.7. 02 Dec 2024, Acta Astronautica, Analytical formulations for Nitrogen Oxides emissions estimation of a hydrogen fueled Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine (SABRE) in air-breathing mode "This study specifically focuses on the former, enabling the Single Stage To Orbit (SSTO) Skylon reaching the hypersonic speed regime before transitioning to rocket mode."
	11.8. 14 Oct 2024, Infinity, Infinity delivers 7 kW Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell Designed for Future Spaceflight Missions "This is one of the largest Fuel Cell stacks that Infinity has made and demonstrates the design is on a path to full qualification. Engineers at Infinity tested the stack to meet 1 to 7 kW. Infinity’s patented air-independent, space-rated fuel cell systems can support extended mission operations."
	11.9. 05 Aug 2024, NASA, Low Leakage Cryogenic Disconnects for Fuel Transfer and Long-Term Storage "To enable deep space missions, the capability to transfer and store cryogenic fuels (typically liquid hydrogen, methane, and oxygen) without significant leakage over long duration missions is critical. NASA has been actively developing zero boil-off cryocooler technology to reduce storage losses."
	11.10. 07 Jun 2024, MT Aerospace, Hydrogen is the driver for future decarbonised mobility solutions "MT Aerospace has decades of experience in the use of LH2 in rocket propulsion systems. This expertise results both from sustainable technology innovations and a large number of product-related cryogenic tests. The further development into cryogenic H2 storage and supply systems is a differentiating feature for MT Aerospace."
	11.11. 08 May 2024, University of Melbourne, High-tech equipment boosts University’s hydrogen and space research "UoM has worked with the Florida, USA-headquartered company GenH2, a leader in hydrogen infrastructure solutions, to install a GenH2 Cryostat CS500 simulation test platform to test & develop super-insulation systems for LH2 storage & other cryogenic applications, including space."
	11.12. 12 Mar 2024, PHYS.ORG, Zero-boil-off tank experiments to enable long-duration space exploration "Although the dynamic ZBO approach is complex, it promises an impressive advantage over the currently used passive methods. An assessment of one nuclear propulsion concept for Mars transport estimated that passive boil-off losses for a large LH2 tank carrying 38 tons of fuel for a three-year mission to Mars would be approximately 16 tons/year."
	11.13. 01 Mar 2024, ESA, Green hydrogen for Ariane 6 and more "ESA & CNES are determined to reduce the footprint of rocket launches & ground operations at Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana & aiming to deliver low-carbon H2 generated by solar-powered electrolysis of water by 2026. Project Hyguane a portmanteau of the French words for H2, French Guiana and the local Iguanas is a €40.5M investment in a solar farm and distribution systems."
	11.14. 21 Feb 2024, Space Perspective, The world’s only carbon-neutral spaceship "Space Perspective has designed a luxurious capsule to take passengers on a six-hour trip to the stratosphere, where they can enjoy panoramic views of our humble planet—which they’ll have risen above thanks to a giant hydrogen-filled balloon."
	11.15. 29 Jan 2024, NASA, NASA’s Moon Shot Launched Commercial Fuel Cell Industry - Agency’s technology development prepared fuel cells for tomorrow’s renewable energy grids "NASA started investing in fuel cell technology in the 1960s when rest of world was still content to be powered by fossil fuels, driving NASA to explore new ways to generate & store energy."
	11.16. 04 Jan 2024, NASA, Magnetohydrodynamic Drive for Hydrogen and Oxygen Production in Mars Transfer "A new approach employs magnetohydrodynamic electrolytic cell that extracts & separates O2 & H2 gas without moving parts in microgravity, removing need for a forced water recirculation loop & associated ancillary equipment such as pumps or centrifuges."
	11.17. 15 Nov 2023, Nature Communications Earth & Environment, Hydrogen-bearing vesicles in space weathered lunar calcium-phosphates "Here we present transmission electron microscopy analyses of Apollo lunar soil 79221 that reveal solar-wind hydrogen concentrated in vesicles as molecular hydrogen in the calcium-phosphates apatite and merrillite."
	11.18. 21 Sep 2023, WHA International, Will hydrogen power the future of Aerospace? "Engineers have used Hydrogen in rocket fuel and Hydrogen fuel cells since the early years of space exploration. Hydrogen high power and quick refueling potential make it an attractive clean energy option for new aerospace applications as well."
	11.19. 21 Jul 2023, Toyota, Development Status Toyota's Manned Pressurized Rover and MHI's LUPEX Rover "Toyota Fuel cell technology cultivated through long years of vehicle development and technologies developed for the moon, fed back to Earth used to create better vehicles and develop technologies for sustainable society with Lunar Cruiser developed by Toyota."
	11.20. 27 Jun 2023, Infinite Composites, INFINITE COMPOSITES: TYPE V TANKS FOR SPACE "Type V Space application: the infiniteCPV is a simplified all-composite design that allows for users to take advantage of the maximum fuel storage capacity at the lowest possible weight. Removing the need for a metallic or plastic gas barrier eliminates the potential of a liner failure."

► R12. Hydrogen Research Centres (51)

	12.1. AU - Australian Hydrogen Research Network (AHRN) A community of researchers and interested stakeholders supporting the emerging hydrogen industry in Australia. We foster excellence in hydrogen-related research through an ongoing program of seminars and knowledge-sharing activities.
	12.2. AU - Australian National University (ANU) Publications on aspects of the Hydrogen economy transition.
	12.3. AU - Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) The Knowledge Bank is an open-source library of reports, studies, multimedia and tools that provide guidance and learnings to benefit future renewable hydrogen energy projects.
	12.4. AU - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publications from CSIRO on Hydrogen Fuel Cell research and development of renewable energy solutions. Hydrogen Knowledge Centre
	12.5. AU - Geoscience Australia / Monash University - Hydrogen Economic Fairways Tool (HEFT) HEFT was developed by Geoscience Australia in collaboration with Monash University & is based on an open-source economic model that maps the economic viability of H2 production opportunities across Australia.
	12.6. AU - Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) Publications from the RMIT Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Laboratory (SHEL) that pioneers research and development on hydrogen energy solutions.
	12.7. AU - Swinburne Institute of Technology / Victorian Hydrogen Hub Led by Swinburne University of Technology in partnership with CSIRO and Germany’s ARENA2036 factory, the Victorian Hydrogen Hub (VH2) brings together researchers, industry partners and business to drive the implementation of the hydrogen economy.
	12.8. AU - University of NSW Hydrogen storage and battery technology groupResearch focuses on fabrication and storage optimization of a novel porous solid-state hydrogen storage material in fuel cell integrated systems to reduce the hydrogen storage pressure to only 10MPa, six times less than current market technology.
	12.9. CH - Frontiers Frontiers is the 3rd most-cited and 6th largest research publisher and open science platform. Our research journals are community-driven and peer-reviewed by editorial boards of more than 260,000 top researchers.
	12.10. CH - MDPI Hydrogen Journal MDPI has supported academic communities since 1996. Based in Basel, Switzerland, MDPI has the mission to foster open scientific exchange in all forms, across all disciplines.
	12.11. CN - Beijing Institute of Technology The Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT) is actively researching and developing hydrogen technology, including hydrogen internal combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cell technology, with a focus on both military and civilian applications.
	12.12. CN - Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) DICP Chinese Academy of Sciences has established a long track record of major academic and industrial accomplishments in catalytic chemistry, chemical engineering, chemical lasers, molecular reaction dynamics, organic chemistry, modern analytical chemistry and biotechnology.
	12.13. DE - Hyfindr Publications on hydrogen system components, materials and other hydrogen related equipment.
	12.14. DE - Hydrogen Tech World Publications including an interesting mix of company profiles, in-depth technical articles, reports from major end users and projects in the hydrogen production industries.
	12.15. EU - Hydrogen Europe Research Publications from the European scientific community involved in the development of a new, industrial ecosystem based on hydrogen and committed to moving towards a circular, carbon-neutral economy.
	12.16. EU - Joint Research Centre Publications Repository The JRC Publications Repository is the public access to all publications of the Joint Research Centre. It offers access to state-of-the-art science performed by the JRC to the wider scientific community, with full-text and open access. It is updated on a daily basis, including most recent outputs.
	12.17. FI - Aalto University H2 Innovation Center Hydrogen open source search on technical materials relating to hydrogen evolution, storage, distribution, and fuel cells.
	12.18. FR - The French National Research Network on Hydrogen Energy The French National Research Network on Hydrogen Energy (FRH2) brings together 30 laboratories with 300 well known researchers (CNRS researchers, faculty members and engineers) actively involved in the hydrogen sector.
	12.19. INT - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy A central vehicle for the exchange and dissemination of new ideas, technology developments and research results in the field of Hydrogen Energy between scientists and engineers throughout the world.
	12.20. JP - Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology, Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, Hydrogen Energy Carrier Team Developing technologies for storing and utilizing large amounts of renewable energy that will help solve several energy issues facing Japan.
	12.21. JP - Tokyo University of Science (TUS) The Mission of the Tokyo University of Science is to educate people who have the ability to contribute to society. Researchers from TUS have developed a novel hydrogen evolution catalyst, bis(diimino)palladium coordination nanosheets, that offers platinum-like efficiency at a fraction of the cost.
	12.22. KR - Korea Institute of Energy Research Future Energy Research Division conducts researches on H2 generation, storage, transportation, and utilization to realize a future energy society, focusing on the development of fuel cell technologies represented by generation, storage, and use of H2, an eco-friendly source of energy with economic benefits obtained by coal fuels and water.
	12.23. NL - ScienceDirect From foundational science to new and novel research, discover our large collection of Physical Sciences and Engineering publications, covering a range of disciplines, from the theoretical to the applied.
	12.24. NL - ScienceDirect Journal of Green Technologies and Sustainability This Journal encourages and promotes interdisciplinary research and development to important technological and theoretical developments in greentech and sustainability issues.
	12.25. NL - TNO: Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research Overall aim is to develop and promote hydrogen technology with Dutch companies, cooperating parties including TNO have set clear goals in the HyScaling project. One of those goals is the need for electrolysers with better performance to produce green hydrogen.
	12.26. SE - Luleå University of Technology - Centre for Hydrogen Energy Systems Sweden (CH2ESS) CH2ESS is a research and knowledge initiative at Luleå University of Technology with a focus on hydrogen use in industrial processes and energy systems, in close collaboration with Swedish industry.
	12.27. SG - National University of Singapore - Centre for Hydrogen Innovations Research site focus promotes cutting-edge R&D advancements in H2 production, storage, and utilization; and fosters collaborations with industries, academia, and agencies to drive H2-based solutions.
	12.28. UK - Geological Society Publications - Lyell Collection Research site search "hydrogen" - the Lyell Collection represents one of the largest integrated collections of online Earth Science literature available.
	12.29. UK - Royal Sociaety of Chemistry RSC develop, recognise and celebrate professional capabilities. We bring people together to spark new ideas and new partnerships. Noting Hydrogen is an essential element for life. It is present in water and in almost all the molecules in living things.
	12.30. UK - The Major Projects Association - Knowledge Centre Renewable Hydrogen Energy: Applied Scientific and Engineering References - A set of recent, curated, renewable Hydrogen energy scientific and engineering references covering: H2 production via electromechanical and electrolysis methods; H2 production via solar and protonic ceramics; proton exchange membrane fuel cells; H2 storage as liquid or compressed gas and Type IV carbon fibre reinforced storage products. Industry area references are categorized under Automotive; Aviation; Defence; Marine; Rail; and Smelting and Steel. References to significant H2 Research Centers, and H2 market analyses are also included.
	12.31. UK - TheIET.ORG The Institution of Engineering and Technology Wiley - Search "hydrogen" => research developments -> we inspire, inform and influence the global engineering and technology community to engineer a better world.
	12.32. UK - Science X / PHYS.ORG Search "hydrogen + energy" => Daily science news on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations.
	12.33. UK - University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge, are developing low-cost light-harvesting semiconductors that power devices for converting water into clean hydrogen fuel.
	12.34. US - American Chemical Society (ACS) pubs.acs.org ACS Publications’ commitment to publishing high-quality content continues to attract impactful research that addresses the world’s most important challenges.
	12.35. US - Cell Press We innovate to enhance discoverability, put research in context, and make it more actionable. Global visibility ensures that important research is read, used, and talked about. Engagement in the community and advocacy supports the value of science.
	12.36. US - University of Cornwell: ArXiv ArXiv is a free distribution service and an open-access archive for nearly 2.4 million scholarly articles in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, statistics, electrical engineering and systems science, and economics.
	12.37. US - IEEE ieee.org IEEE is the world’s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.
	12.38. US - Mendeley.com Search "hydrogen + energy" => Year/Document Type/Journal/Author/Access Type/Most relevant/Most recent/Most cited science articles on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations.
	12.39. US - MIT HyTEC The research capabilities at HyTEC range from a wide variety of experimental and modeling areas associated with hydrogen. We have partnered with world-leading industries and organizations to advance the science and develop new technologies necessary to improve efficiency, reduce cost, and improve the safety of hydrogen production, liquefaction, storage and transportation.
	12.40. US - Nature.com Search "hydrogen + evolution + reaction + HER" for wide variety of journal articles on researched developments, technological breakthroughs and latest innovations.
	12.41. US - National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) NREL's research accelerates development, integration, and scale up of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to enable widespread deployment across multiple energy sectors.
	12.42. US - Naval Postgraduate School Energy Academic Group (EAG) Energy Academic Group maintains the Naval Postgraduate School as a Navy center of excellence for energy graduate education and research. Our efforts focus on solving the Navy, Marine Corps, and Department of Defense’s most critical energy problems through graduate education and research. To that end, EAG employs a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach using the basic sciences, engineering, operations and analysis, and business methods.
	12.43. US - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Technical information about hydrogen published in technical reports, conference proceedings, journal articles, and websites is provided, across categories: General, Production, Delivery, and Storage.
	12.44. US - Proceedings of the National Academv of Sciences, PNAS PNAS is one of the world's most-cited and comprehensive multidisciplinary scientific journals, publishing more than 3,500 research papers annually.
	12.45. US - Sandia National Laboratories, SNL Sandia National Laboratories is operated and managed by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc.
	12.46. US - University of Michigan - MI Hydrogen A joint venture by the Office of the Vice President for Research, Michigan Engineering and the School for Environment and Sustainability.
	12.47. US - University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing Publications includes a number of specific areas of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells research related to fundamental knowledge, technical applications, and integrated systems.
	12.48. US - Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) SwRI develops applied R&D solutions with hydrogen technology used in rockets, alternative combustion, fuel cells, energy storage, and industrial processing plants.
	12.49. US - University of Maryland (UMD) Faculty at UMD are engaged in many aspects of fuel cell R&D including: Microbial fuel cells - a bio-electrochemical system that uses bacteria as the catalyst to oxidize organic and inorganic matter, and consequently, generate electric current. Applications include power generation systems, bio-recovery, & waste-water treatment. Polymer electrolyte membrane Fuel Cells - deliver high power density and offer the advantages of low weight and volume compared with other fuel cells. PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer as an electrolyte and porous carbon electrodes containing a platinum or platinum alloy catalyst. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - use a hard, non-porous ceramic compound as the electrolyte. SOFCs operate at very high temperatures which removes the need for precious-metal catalyst, thereby reducing cost.
	12.50. US - University of Texas (UT) Feautured publications and White Papers on Blue Hydrogen, Green H2 economy, H2 infrastructure, and achieving NET ZERO by 2050.
	12.51. US - Wiley Advanced The Advanced Portfolio from Wiley is a family of globally respected, high-impact journals that disseminates the best science from well-established and emerging researchers so they can fulfill their mission and maximize the reach of their scientific discoveries.

HYDROGEN ENERGY RESEARCH
Produced by Robert Cole Basford

Hydrogen Energy Research
Published 2025-06-06

Hydrogen Energy Research
Scientific & Applied Engineering References

Open-source Technology for Sustainable Opportunities (OTSO)

Production R1.1 - R5.1

Applied Engineering R6.1 - R11.1

Research R1 - R12
271 URLs

Dihydrogen & Heuristics

	R1. PROD: Alkaline / AEM / PEM Electrolysis (1/20)
	1.1. 31 May 2025, ACS Omega, Highly Durable Additively Manufactured Membrane-Free Electrolyzer,


	R2. PROD: Bio / Pyrolysis / Radiolysis / Solar (1/20)
	2.1. 03 Jun 2025, ACS Energy & Fuels, Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production by a Porphyrinic Metal–Organic Framework Thin Film on p-Type Silicon,


	R3. PROD: Geologic / Natural Hydrogen (1/20)
	3.1. 13 May 2025, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Natural hydrogen resource accumulation in the continental crust,


	R4. FUEL CELL: AEMFC / PEM / MCFC / SOFC (1/20)
	4.1. 27 May 2025, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Homogeneous nucleation and condensation characteristics of water vapor-hydrogen (H2O-H2) binary systems from molecular dynamics simulation,


	R5. STORE: Type IV-V / MH / LH2 / LOHC / Geo (1/20)
	5.1. 31 May 2025, Fuel, Assessment of hydrogen adsorption capacities on low-maturity shales for geological storage applications: a lattice density functional theory approach,

	R6. APP: Automotive / Rail Industry (1/20)
	6.1. 05 Jun 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Automotive PEM fuel cell catalyst layer degradation mechanisms and characterisation techniques, Part II: Platinum degradation,


	R7. APP: Aviation / UAS Industry (1/20)
	7.1. 31 May 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Design and experimental characterization of a Micromix burner based on an optimized injection methodology


	R8. APP: Defence / Military Industry (1/20)
	8.1. 28 May 2025, Skyeton, RAYBIRD UAV COMPLETED A FLIGHT POWERED BY HYDROGEN FUEL


	R9. APP: Marine / Maritime Industry (1/20)
	9.1. 31 May 2025, Cryogenics, A cryogenic tank thermodynamic process model for marine applications


	R10. APP: Smelting [Al,Cu,Fe], HE Industry (1/20)
	10.1. 31 May 2025, Applied Energy, Renewables pull and strategic push – What drives hydrogen-based steel relocation?


	R11. APP: Space Industry (1/20)
	11.1. 21 May 2025, Blue Origin, HIGH-PERFORMANCE HYDROGEN ENGINE Designed for First-Stage Applications

Hydrogen Energy ResearchPublished 2025-06-06

Hydrogen Energy ResearchScientific & Applied Engineering References