Hydrogen Energy Research

▶ 01 Nov 2004, NASA, "Launched in 1965, Gemini V was the first spacecraft to use (PEM) fuel cells."

R1.		1.1. 25 Oct 2024, ACS, Revealing the Reaction Pathway of Anodic HER at Magnesium Surfaces in Aqueous Electrolytes
R2.		2.1. 23 Oct 2024, ACS, Experimental Study on Optimizing H2 Production from Sludge by Microwave Catalytic Pyrolysis Using Response Surface Methodology
R3.		3.1. 03 Oct 2024, QUEBEC INNOVATIVE MATERIALS CORP, QIMC Announces Significant Natural H2 Discovery Expansion 11kms to the Northwest & New Land Acquisition bringing total H2 area to over 300 km2
R4.		4.1. 14 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Modelling the membrane decomposition induced recoverable performance loss of PEM fuel cells

	1.1. 25 Oct 2024, ACS, Revealing the Reaction Pathway of Anodic HER at Magnesium Surfaces in Aqueous Electrolytes, "Here the reaction process supports a continued dissociative water adsorption, explaining the anomalous HER at the anodically polarized surface. The effectively unipositive [Mg2+(OH)−]+ ion complex is responsible for the observed amount of metal dissolved being larger than coulometrically expected."
	1.2. 21 Oct 2024, Nature, Out-of-plane coordination of iridium single atoms with organic molecules and cobalt–iron hydroxides to boost OER, "Here we effectively redistributed charge around Ir sites, which favourably shifted the d-band centres of both Ir and adjacent Co atoms & reduced reaction energy barrier. When used as overall water splitting electrodes, the Ir1/(Co,Fe)-OH/MI exhibited exciting application potential."
	1.3. 21 Oct 2024, Nature, Power electronics for green hydrogen generation with focus on methods, topologies, and comparative analysis, "This research article meticulously examines advanced power electronic converters crucial for optimizing electrolyzer perfor- mance in hydrogen production systems & conducts a thorough review of mature electrolyzer types."
	1.4. 18 Oct 2024, Nature, Sequential oxygen evolution and decoupled water splitting via electrochemical redox reaction of nickel hydroxides, "Here, we reveal an anodic-cathodic sequential oxygen evolution process via electrochemical oxidation and subsequent reduction of Ni hydroxides, enabling much lower overpotentials than conventional anodic oxygen evolution."
	1.5. 18 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Rational construction of N-containing carbon sheets atomically doped NiP-CoP nanohybrid electrocatalysts for enhanced green hydrogen and oxygen production, "This study discloses the rational synthesis of N-containing carbon sheets atomically doped NiP-CoP nanohybrid (NiP-CoP/NCS) via precipitation/calcination."
	1.6. 11 Oct 2024, ACS, Cutting-Edge PCN-ZnO Nanocomposites with Experimental and DFT Insights into Enhanced HER, "This study aims to improve the HER performance of PCN by synthesizing PCN-ZnO nanocomposites using melamine as a precursor. Two synthesis methods employed: thermal condensation & liquid exfoliation. Method 1 resulted in a composite with a 2.44 eV energy gap & reduced particle size."
	1.7. 05 Oct 2024, MDPI, Life Cycle Fluoropolymer Management in Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis, "The objective of this study is to bridge this ongoing debate between precautionary and risk-based approaches to PFAS management with practical engineering approaches to implementing stewardship over the product life cycle and to identify which actions are most impactful in minimizing potential emissions."
	1.8. 04 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, P-functionalization of Ni Fe − Electrocatalysts from Prussian blue analogue for enhanced anode in anion exchange membrane water electrolysers, "We report the development of Prussian blue analogues (PBA)-derived NiFe-based electrocatalysts through a mild aqueous phase precipitation method, followed by thermal stabilization and phosphorus doping."
	1.9. 03 Oct 2024, ACS, Materials of Value-Added Electrolysis for Green H2 Production, "This review summarizes electro-oxidation reactions that produce green H2 with low electricity consumption & valuable chemicals from inexpensive small-molecule oxidants & explores rational design for catalysts, including transition metals on carbon-based supports, metal oxides, surface engineering & interface engineering."
	1.10. 27 Sep 2024, ACS, Role of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides as a Catalyst Support for Decorating Gold Nanoparticles for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction, "Herein, we provide mechanistic insights into the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of various TMDs (i.e., MoS2, MoSe2, and WSe2) as catalyst supports for the decoration of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which represent an active catalyst."
	1.11. 19 Sep 2024, Nature, Cohesive energy discrepancy drives the fabrication of multimetallic atomically dispersed materials for hydrogen evolution reaction, "Herein, a library comprising 23 types of bimetallic SA/AC composites, and 17 types of trimetallic, quinary-metallic, septenary-metallic SA/AC composites was fabricated involving 17 metal elements"
	1.12. 15 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, PPS-reinforced poly(terphenylene) anion-exchange membranes with different quaternary ammonium groups for use in water electrolysers, "In the electrolyser test a stable voltage of 1.9 V at 0.25 A cm-2 was achieved, with no observed change in membrane resistance over a test duration of 100 hours (60 °C, 4M KOH, PGM-free catalyst)."
	1.13. 12 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, Wafer Scale and Substrate-Agnostic Growth of MoS2 Nanowalls for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Generation in Acidic and Alkaline Media, "The presented large-area growth method for inexpensive MoS2 nanowall based catalyst can pave the way for practical applications of water electrolysis cells operating at low voltages (≤1.5 V)."
	1.14. 08 Sep 2024, Nature, Pressure-induced generation of heterogeneous electrocatalytic metal hydride surfaces for sustainable H2 transfer, "After pressure is introduced into the electrolysis process, surface-adsorbed H2 produced via the Volmer step is found to penetrate into the interstitial sites of the metal electrode, and obtained metal hydride surface remained stable after depressurization"
	1.15. 06 Sep 2024, ACS, Composite Anode for PEM Water Electrolyzers: Lowering Iridium Loadings and Reducing Material Costs with a Conductive Additive, "Here we introduce a composite anode approach using a conductive additive that is less expensive than Ir to facilitate robust, high-performance operation with low Ir loading by retaining electrode thickness and in-plane electrical conductivity."
	1.16. 29 Aug 2024, Nature, Engineering active & robust alloy-based electrocatalyst by rapid Joule-heating toward ampere-level HER, "Herein, we propose a rapid Joule heating method to effectively load RuMo alloy onto MoOx matrix. As-prepared catalyst exhibits excellent stability & ultralow overpotential (9 mV, 18 mV and 15 mV in 1 M KOH, 1 M PBS, 0.5 M H2SO4 solution, respectively) at 10 mA cm−2."
	1.17. 28 Aug 2024, Nature, Proton exchange membrane-like alkaline water electrolysis using flow-engineered three-dimensional electrodes, "Here we show that integrating Ni-based foam electrodes into a laterally-graded bi-layer zero-gap cell configuration allows for alkaline water electrolysis to become Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)-like, even when keeping a state-of-the-art Zirfon diaphragm."
	1.18. 28 Aug 2024, ScienceDirect, Assessment of a NaOH-based alkaline electrolyser’s performance: System modelling & operating parameters optimisation, "A sensitivity analysis was carried out to study how its performance changes while varying the: i.NaOH content, ii.pressure, and iii) both. Separately, the best result has been obtained with a NaOH content & an operating pressure of 8% & 6.5 bar."
	1.19. 23 Aug 2024, Nature, Pd-Ru pair on Pt surface for promoting hydrogen oxidation and evolution in alkaline media, "Here, we enhance Pt catalysts’ activity without losing surface-active sites by using a Pd-Ru pair. Utilizing a mildly catalytic thermal pyrolysis approach, Pd-Ru pairs are decorated on Pt, confirmed by extended X-ray absorption fine structure and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy."
	1.20. 21 Aug 2024, Nature, Bimetallic nanoalloys planted on super-hydrophilic carbon nanocages featuring tip-intensified HER electrocatalysis, "Here “on-site disruption & near-site compensation” strategy to reform interfacial H2O H2 bonding network via cation penetration & catalyst support engineering, validated using tip-like bimetallic RuNi nanoalloys on super-hydrophilic, high-curvature carbon nanocages."

	2.1. 23 Oct 2024, ACS, Experimental Study on Optimizing H2 Production from Sludge by Microwave Catalytic Pyrolysis Using Response Surface Methodology, "Investigated is the interactive effects of the conventional pyrolysis temp, microwave irradiation time & catalyst addition ratio on the unit H2 production of sludge & predictive second-order polynomial regression equation developed."
	2.2. 23 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Hydrogen evolution reaction catalyzed by Co-based metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives, "Here, Co-bearing Metal-Organic Frameworks are grown via a facile solvothermal process on the surface of two kinds of conductive substrates – titanium dioxide nanotubes & fluorine-doped tin oxide glass & tested as electrodes in the electrochemical HER."
	2.3. 19 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Z-type heterojunction Pt/Zn0.2Cd0.8S/Cs3PW12O40: Mitigating photocorrosion, leveraging photochromism, & efficient photocatalytic HER, "Pt/Zn0.2Cd0.8S/Cs3PW12O40 Z-type heterojunction ternary composites, under photochromic effect-Z-type heterojunction-helper catalyst Pt, effectively mitigates photocorrosion & significantly improves efficiency of photocatalytic H2 production."
	2.4. 15 Oct 2024, Nature, Redox-mediated decoupled seawater direct splitting for H2 production, "Here, we propose a specific decoupled strategy for seawater splitting and design a decoupled seawater direct electrolysis (DSDE) system for the hydrogen production directly from seawater; this system includes a redox-flow seawater direct electrolysis cell integrated with a separate O2 evolution reactor."
	2.5. 10 Oct 2024, Nature, Tandem microplastic degradation and hydrogen production by hierarchical carbon nitride-supported single-atom iron catalysts, "Here we accomplish near-total ultrahigh-molecular-weight-polyethylene degradation into C3-C20 organics with 64% selectivity of carboxylic acid under neutral pH, a leap beyond current capabilities in efficiency, selectivity, eco-friendliness, and stability over six cycles."
	2.6. 03 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Exploring the photocatalytic production of hydrogen by Co, Cu or Pd species as co-catalysts supported on a ZnxTiyOz perovskite/TiO2 structure, "The novelty of this study lies not only in presenting an efficient design to form the ZnxTiyOz-TiO2 heterojunction synthesized by the sol-gel nucleation method for the photocatalytic hydrogen production."
	2.7. 26 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, Photo-electrochemical study of TiO2/Co3O4 thin films in polluted electrolyte: A promising route for coupling hydrogen production with water remediation, "Here, the photoanodes were synthesized using a sol-gel method, using a bio-based surfactant (GC) with varying titanium-cobalt ratios (1:0, 1:0.25, and 1:0.5), named respectively TiO2-GC, TiO2–CoN0.25-GC and TiO2–CoN0.5-GC."
	2.8. 25 Sep 2024, ACS, Mini-Review on Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Porphyrin–Graphene Structures, "A limitation of photocatalytic systems is the need of sacrificial electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. This problem can be overwhelmed by the construction of a photoelectrocatalytic device, where necessary electrons are provided by an oxidative catalytic transformation at the photoanode,"
	2.9. 17 Sep 2024, ACS, Aging Ni(OH)2 on 3C-SiC Photoanodes to Achieve a High Photovoltage of 1.1 V and Enhanced Stability for Solar Water Splitting in Strongly Alkaline SolutionS, "We use a facile approach to fabricate a high-photovoltage, stable photoanode by depositing Ni(OH)2 cocatalyst on cubic silicon carbide, followed by aging in 1.0 M NaOH at room temp. for 40 h without electrochemical bias."
	2.10. 14 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, Construction of two-dimensional heterojunctions based on metal-free semiconductor materials and Covalent Organic Frameworks for exceptional solar energy catalysis, "Covalent organic frameworks are newly developed crystalline substances garnering interest due to ultra-high porosity, crystalline nature, and easy modified architecture, showing promise in the field of photocatalysis."
	2.11. 29 Aug 2024, ACS, Fabrication of Transparent Pt-TiO2 Sol and Its Photocatalytic Activity for HER, "Here we report on the photocatalytic activity on the evolution of H2 by water splitting using Pt-TiO2 sol obtained by photoreduction of a highly transparent Pt(IV)-TiO2 sol synthesized by a low-temperature sol–gel method. Interestingly, Pt-TiO2 sol has maintained high transparency and stability for at least 1 week."
	2.12. 29 Aug 2024, ScienceDirect, CuxS films as photoelectrodes for visible-light water splitting, "This study investigates the effect of deposition conditions, including substrate temperature and background gas pressure, on the characteristics and photoelectrochemical performance of copper sulfide (CuxS) films grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on Si (100) substrates."
	2.13. 15 Aug 2024, ScienceDirect, Cu-doped ZnCdS-based photocatalyst for efficient photocatalytic H2 production by photothermal assistance, "In solar energy utilization, photocatalytic H2 production has been widely researched & address issues such as low efficiency of photocatalysts, Cu-doped Zn0.5Cd0.5S composite photocatalysts were prepared using a hydrothermal method for photocatalytic H2 production."
	2.14. 13 Aug 2024, MDPI, Biomass-to-Green Hydrogen: A Review of Techno-Economic-Enviro Assessment of Various Production Methods, "We suggested a few potential improvements to the production processes based on our thorough study, which should lower production costs and increase the viability of the choices. The purpose of this review is to outline the various biomass-based H2-production methods."
	2.15. 05 Aug 2024, SciOpen, Photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen production: Hydrogen production principle, performance optimization strategy, application and prospect, "The catalysts for efficient hydrogen production as well as the strategies for improving hydrogen production rate were discussed in detail, including the use of catalysts, cocatalysts, integrated optimization of reaction conditions and photoelectrodes."
	2.16. 31 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Experimental testing of a novel sonic method for clean hydrogen generation, "The study results show a variability in hydrogen production rates under different experimental conditions. The distilled water used in the experiments at 25 °C produces hydrogen at a rate of 0.05 μmol/min, which increases to 0.066 μmol/min at 70 °C."
	2.17. 29 Jul 2024, ACS, Impact of Organic Anions on Metal Hydroxide Oxygen Evolution Catalysts, "We investigate the effect of organic anions, namely, carboxylates, upon electrocatalysis using prototypical reference systems, i.e., the electrodeposited Ni(OH)2 and NiFe hydroxides. Electrolyte purity, ohmic loss, and electrolyte pH dependence were studied sequentially to control the systems."
	2.18. 19 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Dual S-scheme MoS2/ZnIn2S4/Graphene quantum dots ternary heterojunctions for highly efficient photocatalytic HER, Herein, 2D MoS2 nanosheets & GQDs were combined with ZIS to fabricate the ternary MoS2/ZIS/GQDs heterojunction using hydrothermal method leveraging morphological benefits of MoS2 & GQDs namely their 2D nanosheet structure & few layer graphene thickness."
	2.19. 12 Jul 2024, ACS, Direct Anchoring of Molybdenum Sulfide Molecular Catalysts on Antimony Selenide Photocathodes for Solar H2 Production, "Herein, we report the suitability of versatile and easy-to-deposit catalysts directly on Sb2Se3, which include molybdenum sulfide clusters in different configurations, namely [Mo3S4(H2O)9]Cl4 ([Mo3S4]4+) and (NH4)2[Mo3S13]·2H2O ([Mo3S13]2–)."
	2.20. 07 Jul 2024, MDPI, PdS-ZnS-Doped Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers as Effective Photocatalyst for HER, "PdS-ZnS/PVAc nanofibers were found to be superior for HER within 250 min & ascribed to loading of PdS as cocatalyst on ZnS nanoparticles. The loading of a cocatalyst with a low bandgap could play important roles in improving the separation of photogenerated charge carriers."

	3.1. 03 Oct 2024, QUEBEC INNOVATIVE MATERIALS CORP, QIMC Announces Significant Natural H2 Discovery Expansion 11kms to the Northwest & New Land Acquisition bringing total H2 area to over 300 km2, "Recent findings have confirmed QIMC natural renewable H2 model via geology & rock formations in the region & further positions QIMC at the forefront of sustainable H2 energy solutions."
	3.2. 02 Aug 2024, ASX-Gold Hydrogen, ASX - Ramsay Project Stage 2 Exploration Well Testing Update, "Amongst highest Helium purities ever reported at 20% to 25%, extensive regional Hydrogen and Helium play and international first to see initial Helium and Hydrogen concentrations at surface with increasing concentrations of high Helium purities Hydrogen at surface."
	3.3. 15 Jul 2024, GeoScience Australia, Australia's Energy Commodity Resources 2024 - Natural H2, "Australia is one of the most prospective countries for natural H2. This geological resource is not well understood, but there are reports of high concentrations of H2 in gas samples. Interest in natural H2 is increasing & some state jurisdictions have started to amend their petroleum exploration licences for natural H2."
	3.4. 10 Jul 2024, HyTerra Ltd, Nemaha Project: Kansas, USA, prospective for natural H2 & He, "Nemaha’s exploration acreage covers 12,720 acres and is 100% owned and operated by HyTerra. Our leases have historic wells with more than 10 H2 & He occurrences within the region, some up to 92% H2 & 3% He. White H2 potentially has much lower production costs & carbon emissions than man-made H2."
	3.5. 26 Jun 2024, IEAGHG, Gold, Geologic, White, Native, Hidden, Natural H2: Does Earth hold extensive stores of untapped, carbon-free fuel?, "In recent months, there has been a surge of interest among prospectors, who are actively drilling for H2 in various locations around the world, including northeast France, Australia, Spain, Morocco, Brazil and, within the United States, in Nebraska, Arizona, and Kansas."
	3.6. 12 Jun 2024, Gold Hydrogen Ltd, Substantial investment laying the foundation for hydrogen use, "Gold hydrogen is naturally occurring hydrogen that: Accumulates naturally under the ground, generated by geological processes. Can be produced using proven engineering practices with minimal environmental impacts and has a small footprint compared to other exploration activities."
	3.7. 22 May 2024, Nature, A new continental hydrogen play in Damara Belt (Namibia), "Here is evidence of reported H2 emissions from Waterberg Basin, Namibia associated with underlying Neoproterozoic banded iron formations—the Chuos Formation. Magnetite, a known H2-generating mineral & accompanied by other suspected H2-generating minerals in Chuos Formation."
	3.8. 21 May 2024, MIT, H2 underground - 2024 MIT Energy Iniative Spring Symposium, "During MITEI’s Spring Symposium, MIT Assistant Professor Iwnetim Abate (right) said that geologic hydrogen opens up the idea of earth as a “factory to produce clean fuels,” utilizing the subsurface heat and pressure instead of relying on burning fossil fuels or natural gas for the same purpose."
	3.9. 07 May 2024, Geoenergy, Natural hydrogen: sources, systems and exploration plays, "he ‘hydrogen system’ describes the generation, migration and sealing/trapping of hydrogen. There are two parts to the ‘generic hydrogen system’: the ‘source-generation sub-system’ requires an ultramafic protolith, usually in basement, and a supply of water penetrating basement rocks."
	3.10. 03 May 2024, YLE, 'Fuel of the future' deposits found across Finland, "The Geological Survey of Finland has published a map of bedrock H2. According to the map, H2 has been found in groundwater in locations across Finland. The finds indicate natural H2 which is produced in the bedrock by natural processes rather than artificially by electrolysis."
	3.11. 20 Mar 2024, South Australia, 'Petrobras Workshop de Hidrogenio Natural' Natural hydrogen regulation in South Australia: by E.Alexander, Geological Survey of South Australia, Department for Energy and Mining, "SA - Department for Energy & Mining is one of the very few government departments globally that recognises the link between mining & renewable energy."
	3.12. 04 Mar 2024, University of Texas, Producing H2 From Rocks Gains Steam as Scientists Advance New Methods, "The catalysts the team is exploring will stimulate a natural geologic process called “serpentinization.”, here iron-rich rocks release H2 as a byproduct of chemical reactions. Serpentinization usually occurs at high temperatures & with natural catalysts including nickel & other platinum elements."
	3.13. 28 Feb 2024, GEOscientist, Natural hydrogen: the race to discovery and concept demonstration, "Researchers of natural H2 are forging partnerships with a multitude of emerging start-ups / natural H2 companies spearheading testing & development of exploration concepts. Next years likely marked by a surge of activities as groups shift from conceptual stage to field work to planning & drilling."
	3.14. 09 Feb 2024, PHYS.ORG, Largest flow of natural H2 gas ever found measured in Albanian chromium mine, "A team of geologists working with a pair of colleagues from Albania has measured the largest natural flow of H2 ever in an Albanian Cr mine. In their study, reported in the journal Science, the group measured H2 gas bubbling up through liquid pools in the mine."
	3.15. 08 Feb 2024, Science, A deep reservoir for hydrogen drives intense degassing in the Bulqizë ophiolite, "Deep crustal production of hydrogen (H2) is a potential source of primary energy if recoverable accumulations in geological formations are sufficiently large. We report direct measurements of an elevated outgassing rate of 84% (by volume) of H2 from the deep underground Bulqizë chromite mine in Albania."
	3.16. 08 Feb 2024, DOE ARPA-E, U.S. DOE Announces $20 Million to 16 Projects Spearheading Exploration of Geologic H2, "USA project teams will explore the possibility of accelerating the production & extraction of natural H2, transforming our understanding of this critical energy resource while accelerating solutions we need to ncrease our nation’s energy security."
	3.17. 25 Jan 2024, Yale School of the Environment, Natural Hydrogen: A Potential Clean Energy Source Beneath Our Feet, "As studies show far more natural hydrogen underground than believed, well-funded efforts to drill for the gas are underway around the globe. H2 seeps to the surface whenever it has a chance, so drilling to provide a route may be all that is needed."
	3.18. 20 Jan 2024, ACS, Advancing Natural Hydrogen Exploration: Headspace Gas Analysis in Water-Logged Environments, "Here we present a novel approach for advancing natural hydrogen exploration through the analysis of headspace gas of agitated groundwater extracted from dedicated shallow boreholes to better estimate the hydrogen gas flux and its variations with time."
	3.19. 02 Jan 2024, Science Direct, Deep learning–assisted phase equilibrium analysis for producing natural hydrogen, "Here, natural hydrogen industry chain are provided to control the possible phase transitions under certain environmental conditions that may be observed in the natural hydrogen reservoirs, storage and transportation facilities."
	3.20. 01 Jan 2024, Science Direct, Natural hydrogen in the energy transition: Fundamentals, promise, and enigmas, "Current estimations suggest that approximately 20 Mtpy of natural hydrogen are escaping from the surface into the atmosphere [12]. Most of this hydrogen travels up to the ionosphere and ends up escaping into space."
	3.21. 20 Dec 2023, The Economist, Meet the boffins and buccaneers drilling for hydrogen - The search is on for a clean fuel that could one day replace oil, "Unlike actual gold, hydrogen is spectacularly useful. As a fuel, in theory it could power cars, buses, planes and ships. It could be burned in power plants, generating electricity."
	3.22. 13 Dec 2023, Hydrogen Insight, 'Energy of the future' \| French president promises 'massive funding' for natural hydrogen, "French President Macron: “To strengthen us, I wanted to tell you here that we are going to go further and that in ‘France 2030’, we are going to provide massive funding to explore the potential of what we call white H2, that is to say natural H2."
	3.23. 04 Dec 2023, New York Times, It Could Be a Vast Source of Clean Energy, Buried Deep Underground, "Natural hydrogen, also called white hydrogen because of its purity, could be a game changer, scientists say, because it is a potential source of clean energy continuously generated by the earth. Hydrogen reservoirs form when heated water meets iron-rich rocks."
	3.24. 04 Dec 2023, SA Gov, Natural hydrogen, "Australia could be one of the most promising areas for H2 exploration, de facto a couple of wells already found H2, whereas they were drilled to look for hydrocarbons. The sum of areas from where H2 is seeping overpasses 45 km2 in Kangaroo Island as in the Yorke Peninsula."
	3.25. 24 Oct 2023, AUS Gov, Geoscience Australia supporting hydrogen research, "There is interest in the presence of natural H2 accumulations and the potential discovery of H2 gas fields. The extent of this natural H2 is not well understood, but there are reports of high concentrations of natural H2 in Australia."
	3.26. 05 Sep 2023, NASA, Natural Hydrogen: Circular Depressions Seep Hydrogen Gas, "Australia may be a treasure map of sorts for a natural source of clean energy. Clusters of so-called “fairy circles” in the North Perth Basin of Western Australia have been found to seep hydrogen gas from their perimeters."
	3.27. 14 Aug 2023, Frontiers in Earth Science, Natural H2 seeps or salt lakes: how to make a difference? Grass Patch example, Western Australia, "This study soil-gas sampling method includes a monitoring procedure compatible with time series measurements via a portable gas analyser, getting rid of artificially produced H2. Low H2 values -30 ppm measured."
	3.28. 22 Jul 2023, Nature, Characterization of the spontaneously recharging natural hydrogen reservoirs of Bourakebougou in Mali, "When comparing a H2 reservoir system to classical oil and gas reservoir systems, the results show that the H2 reservoir is a dynamic system that is progressively recharged in H2-rich gas at the production timescale."
	3.29. 04 Jul 2023, CSIRO, The earth might hold huge stores of natural hydrogen – and prospectors are already scouring South Australia for it, "Ancient, iron-rich rocks can produce hydrogen. So can rocks such as serpentinite, and basalt produced from magma emerging in the deep ocean, or from organic-rich rocks such as coals or shales."
	3.30. 24 Feb 2020, ScienceDirect, The occurrence and geoscience of natural hydrogen: A comprehensive review, "We demonstrates molecular H2 is much more widespread in nature than previously thought. H2 has been detected at high concentrations, in all types of geologic environment. A critical evaluation of all the proposed mechanisms regarding the origin of natural H2 shows the origin is potentially most likely explanation for its abundance in nature."

	4.1. 14 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Modelling the membrane decomposition induced recoverable performance loss of PEM fuel cells, "Here a physics-based membrane degradation model that effectively captures the decay & recovery of both open circuit voltage & performance by incorporating the release and transport of sulfate & sulfonate, byproducts of membrane degradation, as well as their interactions with catalyst layers."
	4.2. 02 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, An impedance spectroscopy study to unravel the effect of water on proton and oxygen transport in PEM fuel cells, "Here our results reveal the minor variation of the CCL liquid water saturation and the growth of the “dry” CCL oxygen diffusivity with cell current density. Mechanisms behind these effects are discussed."
	4.3. 25 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, Enhancing sulfonated polyethersulfone performance by incorporating TiO2-decorated MWCNTs: A viable solution for high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell, "Here we integrated a novel hybrid nanofiller—fabricated by directly growing TiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes —into a readily available, cost-efficient polyaromatic polymer."
	4.4. 25 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, Design and development of coating for metallic bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC): A review, "Experimental & computational approaches for identifying coatings, the creation of a material-structure-performance database in machine learning represents a promising pathway toward advancement of coating composition & structure through forward design."
	4.5. 10 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, Experimental investigation on the effect of channel geometry on performance heterogeneity in hydrogen PEM fuel cell, "Here, an experimental analysis is carried out to evaluate the effect of the geometrical features of the channels at the air side on local membrane electrode assembly (MEA) performance. Geometrical features are investigated with reference to a high-performance flow."
	4.6. 10 Sep 2024, MDPI, A One-Dimensional Computational Model to Identify Operating Conditions and Cathode Flow Channel Dimensions for a PEM Fuel Cell, "A one-dimensional computational model has been developed that can be used to identify operating conditions for the cathode side of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell such that both the inlet and outlet relative humidity is equal to 100%."
	4.7. 15 Aug 2024, Nature, High vacancy formation energy boosts the stability of structurally ordered PtMg in hydrogen fuel cells, "Herein, we report highly ordered PtMg alloys prepared through the solution phase with varying precursor composition of Pt to Mg; PtMg alloys with 1:1 and 3:1 Pt to Mg precursor mass ratios are herein denoted as PtMg/C-11 and PtMg/C-31, respectively."
	4.8. 08 Aug 2024, ScienceDirect, Standalone electricity supply system with solar hydrogen and fuel cell: Possible to get rid of storage batteries?, "A solar PV-electrolyser-fuel cell system is proposed as a standalone power supply system at a case study site in Niamey, Nigers. System is analysed for operational performance to ensure reliable supply of electricity."
	4.9. 20 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Capabilities of a novel electrochemical cell for operando XAS and SAXS investigations for PEM fuel cells and water electrolysers, "The presented reversible unitised electrochemical cell was used at first as a fuel cell, to investigate time-resolved degradation of the catalyst layer of a MEA undergoing AST by combining electrochemical, morphological, and spectroscopic analyses."
	4.10. 08 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Study on Cold Start of Fuel Cell Stack Combined with Liquid Heating and Fuel Cell Self-starting, "The novelty of the study is that waste heat stored in PCM is introduced to cold start process to reduce energy consumption. To further optimize start speed and ratio of energy consumption, a new cold start method combined with liquid heating and fuel cell self-starting is proposed."
	4.11. 28 Jun 2024, Nature, eReaxFF force field development for BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ solid oxide electrolysis cells applications, "The reaction rate of an electrocatalyst system can be improved by increasing the number of active sites on a given electrode—e.g., through increased loading or improved catalyst structuring to expose more active sites to facilitate binding different reaction intermediates and transition states in different ways."
	4.12. 24 Jun 2024, ScienceDirect, Grid-neutral hydrogen mobility: Dynamic modelling & techno-economic assessment of a renewable-powered H2 plant, "Here is unique way for evaluating environmental effect of PEMFCs by integrating end-point & mid-point LCA techniques in comprehensive analysis of a 1 kW PEMFC system. This method offers an in-depth overview of the long-term effects on human health, ecosystems..."
	4.13. 15 Jun 2024, ScienceDirect, Fabrication framework for metal supported solid oxide cells via tape casting, "This study addresses the main challenges in fabrication of MSOCs using tape casting, to provide a robust framework for fabrication parameters, allowing technology to advance. We show the dispersion of powder particles & physical & chemical characteristics of binder play a crucial role in defect free MSOCs."
	4.14. "14 Jun 2024, MDPI, Environmental Impact Assessment of a 1 kW Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: A Mid-Point and End-Point Analysis "Here we provide a unique way for evaluating the environmental effect of PEMFCs by integrating end-point and mid-point LCA techniques in a comprehensive cradle-to-gate analysis of a 1 kW PEMFC system. This method offers an in-depth overview of the long-term effects on human health, ecosystems, resources..."
	4.15. 08 Jun 2024, ScienceDirect, Exploring new solid electrolyte support matrix materials for molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs), "The fuel cell using LNT as a solid matrix has extended stability and higher power output density than the cells with YSZ and doped ceria as solid supports. This could be related to the involving sodium in the perovskite structure, stabilizing the composition in molten carbonates and surface properties."
	4.16. 08 Jun 2024, ScienceDirect, Effect of the graphene-based material on the conductivity & corrosion behaviour of PTFE/graphene-based composites coatings on titanium for PEM fuel cell bipolar plates, "We evaluate the effect of graphene-based nanoplatelets of different origins & characteristics on the conductivity & corrosion protection of titanium substrates coated with polymer composites of PTFE + graphene-based materials deposited by dip coating."
	4.17. 06 Jun 2024, ScienceDirect, Perspectives on Microbial Fuel Cells Cathode Improvement for Bioenergy Generation, "We examine the importance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as a source of renewable energy generation. The major focus was on techniques of improving the output of MFCs via its cathode. The addition of catalyst on cathode surface, upscale integration of MFCs and antifouling of gas diffusion electrodes used in MFCs were discussed."
	4.18. 01 Jun 2024, ScienceDirect, Significance of new geometry of flow channels in proton exchange membrane fuel cell with comparing experimental and numerical methods, "In this analysis the effect of changing the geometry of a PEM fuel cell from planner type to different geometry such as tubular, rectangular, elliptical, and triangular on the PEM fuel cell’s performance. The study is done numerically with steady, compressible, isothermal, and two-phase flow models."
	4.19. 08 May 2024, ScienceDirect, Transition Metal Oxide Catalytic Abilities for Fuel Cell Applications: Density Functional Theory (DFT) Studies, "This work evaluates the catalytic capabilities of the crystallographic surfaces of these oxides using DFT via CASTEP & DMol3, as well as the Adsorption Locator module. Surfaces include CoWO4, Co3WO8, & TiWO4, have different levels of stability and reactivity when it comes to absorbing H2 & O2."
	4.20. 06 May 2024, ScienceDirect, Development of a dynamic mathematical model of PEM electrolyser for integration into large-scale power systems, "Here, a developed model of the PEM electrolyser is presented. This article distinguishes itself from prior literature models by incorporating detailed mathematical modules not only for the anode, cathode, membrane and voltage but also for the thermal compartment."

	5.1. 17 Oct 2024, MDPI Integration of Wind Energy and Geological Hydrogen Storage in the Bakken Formation, North Dakota: Assessing the Potential of Depleted Reservoirs for Hydrogen Storage, "The study’s key innovation lies in repurposing a region historically associated with oil and gas for sustainable energy storage, thereby addressing the intermittency of wind sources."
	5.2. 05 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect Effect of a gunite lining on the stability of salt caverns in bedded formations for hydrogen storage, "Here, a novel methodology to improve the structural behaviour and durability of bedded salt caverns for hydrogen storage is proposed. The suggested technology consists in applying a gunite lining over the whole cavern surface by means of a pneumatic air blowing."
	5.3. 04 Oct 2024, MDPI Multiphysics Studies of 3D Plate Fin Heat Exchanger Filled with Ortho-Para-Hydrogen Conversion Catalyst for Hydrogen Liquefaction, "A comprehensive 3D Multiphysics model was developed to simulate a plate fin heat exchanger designed for H2 liquefaction, incorporating an ortho-para H2 conversion catalyst in the hot fin channel & encompassed the 3D serrate fin structure."
	5.4. 23 Sep 2024, MDPI Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC): Hydrogenation Thermodynamics of Aromatic Esters, "LOHC systems based on reversible catalytic hydrogenation & dehydrogenation reactions using aromatic compounds have shown great potential for the efficient & stable storage and transport of H2. This work is an extension of our previous study on alkyl benzoates as potential LOHC components."
	5.5. 09 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect Closed-form analytical model for the cylinder region of thick-walled composite pressure vessels for hydrogen storage, "Presents a closed-form analytical model that integrates these three features through a superposition of two models. The model's accuracy is evaluated by comparing the results with finite element simulations, showing excellent agreement across the entire stress distribution."
	5.6. 07 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect Assessing PEM fuel cell performance in a geothermal Cogeneration system for peak-time energy storage, "Modeling utilized Engineering Equation Solver software, optimizing the setup via the RSM with three key objective functions: exergy efficiency, hydrogen production, and cost rate. The primary focus was on delivering electricity to residential properties during peak demand periods."
	5.7. 04 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect Hydrogen adsorption kinetics in organic-Rich shale reservoir rocks for seasonal geological storage, "The geo-storage of hydrogen (H2) is essential for advancing a robust and industrial-scale H2-based economy. The efficient H2 storage in a geological formation depends on the presence of a secure and impermeable caprock, such as a shale formation."
	5.8. 29 Aug 2024, MDPI Perspective for the Safe and High-Efficiency Storage of LH2: Thermal Behaviors and Insulation, "As the capacity and efficiency of H2 liquefaction around the world are improving, LH2 becomes the most economical selection, with a transport distance from 4000 km to 8000 km and a transport capacity of LH2 above 0.8 Mt/yr, making LH2 a prospective energy carrier in the large-scale utilization of H2 energy."
	5.9. 27 Aug 2024, ScienceDirect Achieving room temperature hydrogen storage reversibility in Nb-rich alloys of the Nb-Cr-Mn system, "Here we synthesize two alloys, namely Nb85Cr10Mn5 and Nb70Cr20Mn10, both forming predominant BCC solid solutions with VEC 5.2 and minor amounts of a eutectic microconstituent composed of BCC and Laves C14 phases. Both alloys are easily hydrogenated at room temp."
	5.10. 24 Aug 2024, ACS The Coupling of Synthesis and Electrochemistry to Enable the Reversible Storage of Hydrogen as Metal Hydrides, "Metal hydrides are promising candidates for chemical storage because of their high gravimetric capacity and tunability through nanostructuring and alloying. Moreover, metal hydride/H2 interconversion may be interfaced with electrochemistry."
	5.11. 14 Aug 2024, ScienceDirect Experimental study on the liquid hydrogen zero boil-off in a liquefaction system with an automatic control technology, "These experiments successfully demonstrated zero boil-off of liquid hydrogen for long-term storage in the vessel, corresponding to a constant value in the liquid level meter in each section."
	5.12. 26 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect Burst pressure performance comparison of type V H2 tanks: Evaluating various shapes and materials, "Here optimization of Type V H2 storage tanks by investigating the burst pressure performance of spherical, cylindrical, & toroidal shapes. Using FEM + first-order shear deformation theory, we examined how these geometries impact burst pressure outcomes across a range of composite materials."
	5.13. 12 Jul 2024, Wiley, Lifetime of the Gas Evolution Electrode of the Zn–H2 Storage System, "A novel electrically chargeable galvanic system is presented that efficiently stores energy in the form of zinc and releases hydrogen and electricity upon discharge. In this concept, oxygen is released at the gas electrode during charging, and zinc oxide is reduced to metallic zinc at the counter electrode."
	5.14. 01 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Structure modification of magnesium hydride for solid hydrogen storage, "Here we present the hydrogen storage mechanisms by solid materials, particularly metal materials, along with their kinetic and thermodynamic principles. Additionally, synthesis methods of these materials using ball milling, thin film deposition, and direct current plasma technology are systematically classified and described."
	5.15. 12 Jun 2024, ScienceDirect, Sensitivity analysis and calibration for a two-dimensional state-space model of metal hydride storage tanks based on experimental data, "In most mathematical models of MH tanks we consider the mass flow rate as a known quantity to establish the mass balance equations & a working condition that is rarely considered in the literature is the behavior of charging & discharging controlled by external pipe pressure."
	5.16. 11 Jun 2024, ScienceDirect, Mixing Dynamics & Recovery Factor during H2 Storage in Depleted Gas Reservoirs, "In this work, a detailed analysis is conducted to more clearly illustrate & enhance the understanding of the impacts of initial hydrocarbon gas recovery factor, reservoir permeability, perforation lengths, intelligent completion, and local fractures on. The rest of the paper maintains this structure: It starts with a theoretical discussion."
	5.17. 25 May 2024, MDPI, Hydrogen Gas Compression for Efficient Storage: Balancing Energy and Increasing Density, "The study analyzes the compression of hydrogen in gaseous form, aiming to identify technological objectives with medium-term potential. It addresses material-related challenges, such as maximum temperature limits, and explores feasible technological solutions & energy requirements & technological objectives are evaluated."
	5.18. 22 May 2024, Hexagon Purus, Hydrogen high-pressure Type 4 cylinders, Our in-house test capabilities for most relevant requirements (hydraulic, leak, burst testing, bonfire, penetration, permeation) ensure highest safety and quality standards. To ensure highest quality standards, our manufacturing facilities are certified according to ISO 9001:2008 and IATF 16949:2016, whereas our tanks comply with various international standards."
	5.19. 21 May 2024, ScienceDirect, Evaluating reservoir suitability for large-scale hydrogen storage: A preliminary assessment considering reservoir properties, "The objective of this paper is to present a method for the initial evaluation of the suitability of H2 storage in a depleted gas reservoir. The screening criteria are based on reservoir geometry, petrophysics, tectonics, and formation fluids."
	5.20. 10 May 2024, MDPI, Unstable Metal Hydrides for Possible On-Board H2 Storage, "This review summarizes current developments of metal hydrides, including intermetallic compounds & complex hydrides, & offers some guidelines for future developments. Since lab H2 uptake measurements are limited to 200 bar, a possible threshold for defining unstable hydrides could be a value of their equilibrium pressure of peq > 200 bar for T below 100 °C."

	6.1. 26 Sep 2024, CRRC, CRRC Launches Two Innovative Green Intelligent Trains at InnoTrans 2024, "CRRC Corporation Limited unveiled two groundbreaking products at InnoTrans 2024 in Berlin, Germany: the CINOVA H2 New Energy Intelligent Intercity Train and the Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 2.0, showcasing its commitment to pioneering eco-friendly and smart transportation solutions."
	6.2. 17 Aug 2024, ACS, Economic Case for Replacing High-Emitting Peaker Plants with Fuel Cells for Automotive Applications, "This study evaluates the techno-economics, operation, and environmental justice impacts of siting a peaker plant based on fuel cells for automotive applications through the lens of the existing Intermountain Power Plant, in order to supply peak power to the Los Angeles basin."
	6.3. 09 Aug 2024, IEEE, Development of a Cost Minimization Oriented Optimization Algorithm for Green Hydrogen Production in a Multi-Energy System Considering EVs and FCEVs Availability, "The proposed multi-energy system (MES) consists of green hydrogen production, a hydrogen refueling station for FCEVs, hydrogen injection into natural gas (NG), and a charging station for PEVs."
	6.4. 27 Jun 2024, HDrive International, Pure Hydrogen expands sales pipeline with supply of hydrogen-powered waste collection vehicle to the City of Newcastle, "The waste collection vehicle will be supplied by Pure Hydrogen subsidiary HDrive International. This lease with Pure Hydrogen marks the company’s fifth order for HFC waste collection vehicles in Australia, alongside advanced trials for a hydrogen-powered prime mover."
	6.5. 20 Jun 2024, H2X, Modular and Scalable Technology: Revolutionising Hydrogen Mobility, "H2X Global pioneers the world’s sole H2-powered 4×4 vehicles, showcasing a blend of innovation & sustainability. Our lineup includes retrofitted H2-powered trucks, ingeniously converted from internal combustion engines & newly developed FCEV platform vehicles."
	6.6. 18 Jun 2024, Nature, Declining costs imply fast market uptake of zero-emission trucks, "We derive future cost developments for price-setting components of zero-emission trucks, centred on batteries & fuel cells, by meta-forecasting from more than 200 sources. Different cost expectations related to the literature sources, from near-market to scientific, were analysed and discussed with respect to consistency and level of ambition."
	6.7. 10 May 2024, ScienceDirect, Performance, emissions and economic analyses of H2 FCEV, "This study critically analyses the recent works related to hydrogen fuel cell integration into vehicles, modelling & experimental investigations of H2 FCEV with various powertrains. This study also reviews & analyses the performance, energy management strategies, lifecycle cost and emissions of FCEV."
	6.8. 04 May 2024, Nature, Effect of hydrogen embrittlement on mechanical characteristics of DLC-coating for hydrogen valves of FCEVs, "In FCEVs the H2 valve requires particularly high durability due to being the component that operates frequently during FCEV operation. The plunger, part of the H2 valve is made of steel that is worn by friction with the core due to the reciprocating motion."
	6.9. 15 Apr 2024, IEC, Safety and certification - All aboard the hydrogen train, "EU Regulators in 22 countries plus Norway signed an agreement known as the “important projects of common European interest” in the H2 sector known as the IPCEI Hy2Tech programme. Over the course of 2022, some 50 projects were granted over EUR 10 billion in public funding, which was expected to generate an additional EUR 15 billion in private investments."
	6.10. 25 Mar 2024, Stadler, STADLER’S H2-POWERED TRAIN FLIRT H2 ACHIEVES A NEW GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS TITLE, "The FLIRT H2 has been entered into Guinness World Records database for the longest distance of 2,803km achieved by a pilot H2 fuel cell electric multiple unit passenger train without refueling or recharging. This achievement underlines Stadler's innovative strength & technological leadership in sustainable rail transport."
	6.11. 22 Mar 2024, CRRC, China's first homegrown hydrogen-powered urban train completes test, "This urban train has a built-in H2 power system with maximum cruising range over 1,000 km. Test data also shows that the average energy consumption of the train is 5 kWh per km, which is on par with world leading levels."
	6.12. 14 Mar 2024, BMW, The BMW iX5 Hydrogen proves its suitability for everyday use even at high temperatures, "The iX5 Hydrogen concept vehicle refuels at designated hydrogen fueling stations. It is an easy and simple process, similar to refueling at a typical gas station. The BMW iX5 can be refilled with gaseous hydrogen in approximately 3-4 minutes, much faster than a battery-powered electric vehicle."
	6.13. 01 Mar 2024, Toyota, Introducing the 2024 Mirai: new technology features for Toyota’s flagship fuel cell electric sedan, "New enhancements reinforce the 2nd generation Mirai’s status as lagship model for Toyota’s multi-path technology strategy for reducing and ultimately eliminating carbon emissions. The H2 FCEV fuel cell provides smooth, powerful and near silent performance, with no exhaust emissions other than pure water."
	6.14. 28 Feb 2024, Honda, Honda Presents World Premiere of Production Model of “CR-V e:FCEV” at H2 & FC EXPO Tokyo, "The CR-V FCEV hydrogen fuel from the high-pressure hydrogen tanks circulates through the fuel cell stack to generate the power that drives the motor, creating reliable power for the journey ahead."
	6.15. 07 Feb 2024, Daimler/Linde, Safe, Fast and Simple: Daimler Truck and Linde Set New Standard for Liquid Hydrogen Refueling Technology, "Daimler Truck and Linde Engineering present a jointly developed refueling technology: Compared to gas H2, subcooled LH2 allows higher storage density, greater range, faster refueling, lower costs & superior energy efficiency."
	6.16. 07 Feb 2024, Nikola, IMC Unveils Design of its 50 Nikola Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Trucks at Grand Opening of Sustainable Facility, " IMC is responding to the growing demand for sustainable transportation and the deployment of these hydrogen-powered trucks will be utilized in IMC’s operations primarily in Calif., as well as in Ariz. and Nev."
	6.17. 30 Jan 2024, IEEE, A new traction system with asymmetrical six-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors for hydrogen trains, "The proposed traction system has two three-phase inverters feeding separately the six-phase machine and controlled to achieve optimal power sharing between the FC and the battery."
	6.18. 10 Jan 2024, MIT, The future of motorcycles could be H2 - MIT Electric Vehicle Team builds a unique H2 fuel cell–powered electric motorcycle, "One of the team’s goals for the project is to make available an open-source design and “we want to provide this bike as a platform for researchers and for education"
	6.19. 10 Jan 2024, Symbio, StackPack 75 covers a wide range of automotive applications, medium duty trucks and city buses, "StackPack 75 is fully compliant with applicable regulations and the ISO 26262 standard. POWER (net1) - 75 kW; STACK POWER DENSITY - 4,9 kW/liter; DURABILITY - 20,000 hours (Heavy Duty); 7,000 hours (Light Duty); WEIGHT - 80 Kg"
	6.20. 06 Jan 2024, Alstom Coradia Stream H, Green traction solutions for regional trains, "Coradia Stream H is a fuel cell-powered regional train that enables clean and sustainable service designed to ensure excellent performance. Fueling trains with hydrogen produced from renewable energies eliminates emissions of greenhouse gases."

	7.1. 13 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Hydrogen propulsion systems for aircraft, a review on recent advances and ongoing challenges "H2 as a fuel for the aircraft propulsion systems is considered and a comprehensive overview of the H2 propulsion systems in aviation is presented with an emphasis on the technical aspects crucial for creating a more sustainable and efficient air transportation sector."
	7.2. 12 Sep 2024, ZeroAvia, ZeroAvia Completes $150m Series C Financing "ZeroAvia has extensively flight tested a prototype of its first ZA600-engine aboard a Dornier 228 aircraft at its UK base and the application for certification is underway with the CAA & also performed advanced ground tests in the US and UK for the key building block technologies for the ZA2000 system, including cryogenic tanks for LH2."
	7.3. 20 Aug 2024, ScienceDirect, Investigation on the heat transfer estimation of subcooled liquid hydrogen for transportation applications using intelligent technique, "Hydrogen as a green energy carrier has become the center of attention in the recent years. The main reason behind this recent hype around hydrogen is the Net-zero programs in different countries around the world to curb CO2 emissions,"
	7.4. 11 Jul 2024, Joby Aviation, Joby demonstrates potential for emissions-free regional journeys with landmark 523-mile (841 km) hydrogen-electric flight, "Landmark 523 mile flight, with water as the only by-product; Flight demonstrates potential for emissions-free regional travel; Hydrogen-electric program supported through Joby’s partnership with the U.S. Air Force’s Agility Prime program."
	7.5. 27 Jun 2024, Auora Aviation, Fuel Cell Powers SKIRON-XLE sUAS for Long Range Reconnaissance, "Aurora uses a customized version of UGCS-Defense, which meets international STANAG 4586 standards as well the US Army’s Interoperability standards, Modular Open Systems Approach to software and hardware interoperability, plus Trillium payloads & fuel cell from Intelligent Energy."
	7.6. 19 Jun 2024, AMSL Aero, HOW THE MISSION FOR NEXT GENERATION OF eVTOL AIRCRAFT IS EVOLVING, "Sydney-based company AMSL Aero recently secured federal government funding to develop an autonomous VTOL firefighting aircraft: eight-motor, lightweight, box-wing design, with a hydrogen-electric powertrain capable of delivering up to 540nm of range at speeds of up to 160kt."
	7.7. 23 May 2024, Airbus, Airbus takes superconductivity research for hydrogen-powered aircraft a step further, "Cryoprop will confirm the potential of superconducting technologies for future aircraft, assessing all aspects related to safety, industrialisation, maintenance & operations, and give Airbus opportunity to develop high-level, in-house expertise & foster a new ecosystem to accelerate the introduction of new products."
	7.8. 16 May 2024, Airbus, Innovative aviation liquid hydrogen project launched, "The Ground Operations of LIquid hydrogen AircrafT project* will receive funding of €10.8 million from the EU’s Horizon Europe Framework Programme via the European Climate, Infrastructure & Environment Executive Agency. In four years project will show high-flow LH2 handling & refuelling technologies can be developed & used safely & reliably for airport operations."
	7.9. 15 Apr 2024, ScienceDirect, Optimal design of proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems for regional aircraft, "The results show that it is beneficial to optimize these performance criteria simultaneously in a pareto optimization problem. The aircraft’s electrical power demand of 3.12 MW is provided by ten identical 312 kW fuel cell systems that are distributed along the wing."
	7.10. 18 Mar 2024, ScienceDirect, Optimal design of a hydrogen-powered fuel cell system for aircraft applications, "The aim of this work is to evaluate the applicability of this technology to an existing regional aircraft in order to assess its electrification, with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving sustainability goals."
	7.11. 18 Mar 2024, Airbus, HIA Milestone Delivery Report lists critical next steps for UK to be leader in global hydrogen aviation race, "The Hydrogen in Aviation alliance is calling for a comprehensive industrial strategy for aviation to ensure the UK is a global leader in the development of hydrogen aviation."
	7.12. 01 Mar 2024, Plug Power, High Specific Energy Means More Time in the Air for a Fuel Cell UAV, "Hydrogen fuel cells for aerospace provide high specific energies (Wh/kg) for longer-duration flights and come with the added benefit of fast fueling, allowing customers to maximize the utilization of these assets and setting several world records for endurance flights through the use of EnergyOr’s innovative and proprietary fuel cell technology."
	7.13. 09 Feb 2024, InterestingEngineering, Hydrogen-powered drones get a major boost with new fuel cell membrane "Previous research has attempted to use radical scavengers and hydrocarbon electrolyte membranes to solve the problem but found limited success. The research teams at Incheon and Harvard Universities collaborated to develop a new polymer electrolyte membrane that is resistant to operational fatigue."
	7.14. 29 Jan 2024, Modelon, 2024 Innovations in Aircraft Hydrogen Storage, "Hydrogen is well-suited to flight. Hydrogen is light and energy-dense, yielding roughly three times more energy storage per unit mass than jet fuel. More importantly, hydrogen fuel cells are technically free of carbon emissions. These flights become truly carbon-free by sourcing green hydrogen produced entirely through renewable energy (as all the industry leaders plan to do)."
	7.15. 23 Jan 2024, NPS, NPS POTION Software Helps UAV Break Records During Arctic Test Flight, "Central to the project’s achievements was the development of optimal trajectory planning software emulating the energy-conserving flight patterns of migrating birds navigating atmospheric wind rivers. In the realm of energy-efficient flight, characterized by low airspeeds and altitudes, susceptibility to the adverse effects of strong winds and icing is amplified."
	7.16. 14 Jan 2024, Sirius Aviation, SIRIUS AVIATION TO UNVEIL HYDROGEN-POWERED BUSINESS JET, "Sirius Jet is a fully electric, zero-emissions, vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft designed to blend the aerodynamics of a jet with the versatility of airplanes and helicopters, powered by a hydrogen-electric ducted fan propulsion system."
	7.17. 27 Nov 2023, HevenDrones, Hydrogen-powered drones could fly longer, farther, "Heven Drones' H2D200 can carry up to 10lbs — twice what a typical electric drone of its size can carry & has a potential range of 317 miles, with up to four hours of flight time. The H2D250 can carry up to 22lbs and has a potential range of 466 miles, with up to eight hours of flight time."
	7.18. 16 Nov 2023, Airbus, Contrail-chasing Blue Condor makes Airbus’ first full hydrogen-powered flight, "The modified glider at the centre of Airbus UpNext’s hydrogen contrail-studying experiment, Blue Condor, made its first hydrogen-powered flight over Nevada US 8 Nov. The flight was Airbus first ever to use hydrogen as the sole fuel source."
	7.19. 01 Nov 2023, Nature, Application of multi-extruded fuel injectors for mixing enhancement of hydrogen gas at scramjet engine: computational study, "The findings reveal that the use of extruded nozzles and inner air jet can significantly improve fuel mixing and distribution by enhancing the vortices between injectors."
	7.20. 15 Sep 2023, NREL, Honeywell Aerospace and NREL Partner To Scale Novel Hydrogen Fuel Storage Solution for Drones, "This prototype supports the commercialization of a novel cartridge-based hydrogen fuel storage solution for UAVs. The project, Fuel Additives for Solid Hydrogen (FLASH) Carriers in Electric Aviation, is a new hydrogen carrier technology."

	8.1. 10 Sep 2024, GeoPura, GeoPura Hydrogen Power Trial Advances Green Energy for UK Ministry of Defence Sites "GeoPura, a leading provider of zero-emission energy solutions, is proud to announce the successful completion of a landmark hydrogen power trial with the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The trial successfully introduced and utilised hydrogen on military bases to generate electricity to recharge electric cars."
	8.2. 19 Aug 2024, Blueflite, Blueflite, an innovator in advanced drone technology, is proud to announce its participation in the Northern Strike 2024 "Blueflite® CEO Frank Noppel said the Northern Territory is the ideal location to develop, test and deploy long-range hydrogen powered UAVs which have the potential to shrink distances, increase services in remote areas and decarbonise last mile transportation."
	8.3. 08 Jul 2024, NATO Energy Security, Executive Summary of the field experiment conducted by NATO ENSEC COE in the summer of 2023, utilizing Hydrogen Fuel Cell technology within the military environment "The field trial, conducted at French military site in Gergy “CIEP,” was a unique endeavor that provided a “close to mission” environment. The trial involved using 2xH2 fuel cells for 400W & 1000W."
	8.4. 08 May 2024, Janes, DSA 2024: Malvus Sense unveils hydrogen-electric-powered VTOL UAS "Malaysian firm Malvus Sense unveiled the CW-25H, a new H2-electric-powered vertical take-off & landing in collaboration with Chinese UAS firm JOUAV at the Defence Services Asia 2024. Powered by hydrogen-electric hybrid technology, the CW-25H has a flight time of up to 330 minutes. The two companies are collaborating on UASs for the Malaysian Armed Forces."
	8.5. 22 Apr 2024, University of Sydney, Medical drone project receives $3.6 million to close health gap in rural and remote Australia "The medical drone is being designed to enable early detection, prevention, and treatment of health conditions common in rural and remote regions of Australia, such as sepsis and to actively contribute. Militarily, US Air Force: Drones essential to combat medicine."
	8.6. 15 Apr 2024, Military Aerospace Communications, Japan pours billions of yen into plan to build the world’s largest hydrogen fuel cell for aviation "Japan's New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO), a government research agency, is using $86 million in funds to develop a 4MW hydrogen fuel cell by 2029 & by developing technology for components that make up fuel-cell electric propulsion systems for aircraft applications."
	8.7. 15 Apr 2024, BWR, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Microgrid Project: Energy Innovation, Integration and Assurance "BWR Innovation announces it was recently granted a two-year subcontract by The Global Connective Center, LLC as a part of an agreement with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to develop and integrate capabilities for a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Microgrid (H2MG) to promote operation energy resilience."
	8.8. 07 Apr 2024, H2 IQ, HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS: POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE US MILITARY "The US Army’s recent initiative to award up to $1.8 million for clean hydrogen-fuel technologies underscores the military’s commitment to reducing its carbon footprint. These investments are focused on pioneering solutions that could revolutionize energy consumption in combat and peacetime scenarios alike."
	8.9. 02 Apr 2024, Honeywell, Honeywell Wins Contract To Develop Hydrogen Fuel Cell Power System For U.S. Army Soldiers "Honeywell’s small fuel cell will be used on the move to charge batteries and power equipment, reducing the number of spare batteries needed by the soldier or squad. Additionally, the system is designed to complement standard electronic equipment a U.S. soldier already uses."
	8.10. 12 Mar 2024, Cellula Robotics, Metron and Cellula Robotics, USA Sign a Strategic Partnership Agreement to Advance UUV Capabilities for Long Duration Operations in Dynamic Environments "Cellula’s Solus-LR and Solus-XR platforms (the latter with an operational range of at least 5,000 kilometers), will be equipped with Cellula’s cutting-edge hydrogen fuel cell technology."
	8.11. 11 Dec 2023, SKYCORP Technologies, e-Drone Zero "The e-Drone Zero is a surveillance-focused H2 drone. As a multirotor configuration, it is nimble, compact, resilient & capable of acting off-grid as necessary. Extended Flight Times – 90-120 min; Refueling 2-5 min; On-board Processing – Support for AI; EO-IR Payload; Comms – Radio/LTE/5G/Satcom."
	8.12. 10 Nov 2023, Airgas, Airgas Awarded the 2024 Military Friendly® Gold Recognition Employer Designation "Airgas, an Air Liquide company, has earned the Gold Level Recognition and been named by VIQTORY to the 2024 Military Friendly® Employers list for the second year in a row, following three consecutive years with Silver Level Designation."
	8.13. 06 Sep 2023, Infinite Composites, INFINITE COMPOSITES SIGNS $1.6MUSD ARMY CONTRACT TO DEVELOP CONFORMABLE FUEL TANKS FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE "The DoD has created several initiatives to increase funding to develop new and improved hydrogen technologies for military vehicles including aircraft, ground support, and marine applications."
	8.14. 04 Sep 2023, Naval Technology, Recharge AUVs without a mothership: US trials hydrogen fuel cell "Saab AUV is being equipped with the Subsea Supercharger from Teledyne Energy Systems & the fuel cell uses technology to extend the AUV’s mission duration, and by reducing the requirement to reconnect with a surface vessel it also reduces the risk and the cost of operations."
	8.15. 17 Aug 2023, US DHS, Feature Article: Using Hydrogen to Power Disaster Relief "The H2Rescue truck was built by Accelera by Cummins under a USACE ERDC-CERL cooperative agreement with funding and design assistance from S&T, the DoE, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Army Ground Vehicle Power and Mobility, & USNRL."
	8.16. 27 Jun 2023, GM Defense, Hydrotech Fuel Cell Technology "The HYDROTEC Fuel Cell Power Cube is at the core of every GM fuel cell product. These power systems transform electrified systems into fuel cell technology rapidly. GM Defense can leverage FCPC to rapidly deploy fuel cell capabilities to enhance warfighter capability and support mission use cases."
	8.17. 27 May 2023, ScienceDirect, Green energy hubs for the military that can also support the civilian mobility sector with green hydrogen "Coupling the civil sector with H2 storage in military renewable energy source (RES) hubs can facilitate a green transition of the civilian and military sectors by integrating RESs at lower cost."
	8.18. 24 Mar 2023, Indian Aerospace and Defence Bulletin, Green H2 Energy: The Next Big Step For Indian Armed Forces "The Green H2 Mission recently announced by the state is poised to establish New Delhi as a hub for this eco-friendly fuel in India. This fuel will be produced entirely within India, eliminating the need for the country to rely on external sources for energy supply."
	8.19. 17 Mar 2023, Hypersonix, Australia's Hydrogen Powered Hypersonix Selected by US Defence Innovation Unit for Test Vehicle "Hypersonix DART AE (Additive Engineering) vehicle makes significant use of 3D-printing and is powered by a hydrogen-fuelled SPARTAN scramjet engine, capable of flying non-ballistic flight patterns at speeds of Mach 5 to Mach 7."
	8.20. 16 Mar 2023, Hylium Industries, Hylium Industries develops creative technologies on compact hydrogen liquefaction and ultra light hydrogen storage through R&D programs, "Hylium Industries' HyliumX is a hydrogen fuel cell powered drone operating on liquefied hydrogen. The HyliumX has a flight endurance of up to five hours."
	8.21. 07 Mar 2023, USA Department of Energy, Nine Mile Point Begins Clean H2 Production "DOE supported the construction and installation of a low-temperature electrolysis system at the Nine Mile Point nuclear power plant that leverages the facility’s existing H2 storage system, using electricity generated at the plant to split H20 into hydrogen and oxygen."
	8.22. 21 Feb 2023, GM Defence, Delivering the Future of Power on the Battlefield "HYDROTEC fuel cell power cube is designed to be easily integrated into a variety of vehicle platforms. HYDROTEC has been field tested with thousands of run hours and proven performance and underpinning technology of GM’s Mobile Power Generation System."
	8.23. 14 Feb 2023, HevenDrones, HevenDrones launched its first hydrogen-powered drone for defence and commercial use, the H2D55 "With 5-times greater energy efficiency than Li battery drones, H2D55 is capable of flying for 100 min with 7kg. H2D55 is programmed with a control system that contains multiple gyroscopes & supporting algorithms to extend stable flight."
	8.24. 08 Feb 2023, NavalNews, World’s Largest Submarine Drone Being Built In Germany "German shipbuilder TKMS (Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems) is preparing to start construction of their MUM (Modifiable Underwater Mothership) underwater drone. The prototype will be powered by hydrogen fuel cell AIP (air independent power) propulsion and generate about 80 kW power."
	8.25. 05 Feb 2023, Infinity, Infinity Fuel Cell and Hydrogen, Inc., announces first commercial contract for its air-independent H2 fuel cell power system for use in unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV’s) "The primary advantage of H2 fuel cell power in larger UUVs is the ability to extend underwater time to weeks or even months."

	9.1. 13 Oct 2024, MDPI, A Technical Study on an Integrated Closed-Loop SOFC & NH3 Decomposition System for Marine Application "This study result proves that the integrated system of NH3 cracking SOFCs can maintain a self-balanced condition, ensuring adequate SOFC heat supply for the ammonia cracking process to produce H2 while supporting normal SOFC operation & generating heat."
	9.2. 24 Sep 2024, FCHEA, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Develoipments in Marine Transportation "The Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association (FCHEA) is the leading industry association in the United States representing more than one hundred leading organizations advancing production, distribution, and use of innovative, clean, safe, and reliable hydrogen energy."
	9.3. 16 Sep 2024, DNV, DNV awards AiP to HD Hyundai for 80K CBM electric propulsion Liquefied Hydrogen Carrier: An innovative solution to enable large-scale H2 shipping "The vessel is equipped with HD Hyundai's new large LH2 tanks featuring advanced vacuum insulation and an electric propulsion system with H2 Dual Fuel HiMSEN engines, allowing flexible fuel use between diesel and hydrogen."
	9.4. 03 Sep 2024, DNV, HYPERMOTIVE AND HONDA COLLABORATE TO BRING INNOVATIVE HYDROGEN POWER SOLUTION TO THE MARITIME SECTOR "Developed in collaboration with Honda, and underpinned by Hypermotive’s SYSTEM-X technology, X-M1 is a scalable, modular, hydrogen fuel cell power system that makes clean energy transition more accessible and achievable for maritime operators."
	9.5. 19 Aug 2024, MDPI, Hydrogen Production from Wave Power Farms to Refuel Hydrogen-Powered Ships in the Mediterranean Sea "This paper explores the technoeconomic viability of harnessing wave energy from the Mediterranean Sea to produce green hydrogen for hydrogen-powered ships. Four promising island locations—near Sardegna, Galite, Western Crete, and Eastern Crete—were selected."
	9.6. 12 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Zero-emission propulsion system featuring, Flettner rotors, batteries and fuel cells, for a merchant ship "Here we propose a zero-emission hybrid hydrogen-wind-powered propulsion system to be retrofitted to a benchmark merchant ship with a conventional propulsion system. The ship and its propulsion systems are modelled using an in-house platform."
	9.7. 11 Jul 2024, MDPI, Opportunities and Challenges of Hydrogen Ports: An Empirical Study in Australia and Japan "This paper investigated the opportunities and challenges of integrating ports into hydrogen (H2) supply chains in the context of Australia and Japan because they are leading countries in the field and are potential leaders in the upcoming large-scale H2 trade."
	9.8. 19 Jun 2024, Energys-Anlegg, Energys and Anlegg & Marine Service Join Forces to Propel Zero Emissions Maritime Solutions in Norway "Energys for small - medium vessels: 90kW, 135kW, and 270kW Marine Powerhouses. For medium - large vessels: 1MW, 2MW, and 3MW Marine Powerhouses - delivering high power output with exceptional fuel efficiency for ferries, Ro-Ro ships, tugs & large ocean vessels."
	9.9. 11 May 2024, ScienceDirect, Hydrogen as a deep sea shipping fuel: Modelling the volume requirements "This study focused on one potential future fuel for shipping: hydrogen. The justification is that other leading candidates for future fuels (such as e-methanol and e-ammonia) require a hydrogen feedstock for production. Therefore, hydrogen will always be less energy intensive to produce than either of these fuels."
	9.10. 04 May 2024, Feadship, Feadship ushers in the fuel-cell era with the launch of 118.80-metre Project 821 "Project 821 has a cryogenic fuel tank aboard that holds 92 m2 (some 4 tonnes) of hydrogen, the sixteen compact fuel cells, their switchboard connection to the DC electrical grid, and the vent stacks for the escaping water vapour added four metres to the yacht's original specification length."
	9.11. 25 Apr 2024, Rice University, Underwater robot pioneers new energy-efficient buoyancy control "The robot serves as PoC for fuel cell-based buoyancy control devices to reduce operating costs for remotely operated or autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) with applications ranging from environmental monitoring & oceanographic research to military & industrial tasks, providing a quieter, more energy-efficient alternative to conventional thruster-driven AUVs."
	9.12. 18 Apr 2024, LR, LR to class Torghatten Nord’s H2-powered ferry duo for Arctic sailings "Two H2-powered passenger ferries ordered by Torghatten Nord are set for Lloyd’s Register class following Approval in Principle awarded 08/2022. Designed by The Norwegian Ship Design Company to operate in the challenging waters of the Vestfjordstrekninga fjord in the Arctic Circle, the two vessels will be built at Norwegian shipyard, Myklebust Verft."
	9.13. 14 Mar 2024, EnergyObserver, Through expeditions and innovations, Energy Observer is exploring practical solutions whilst developing new technologies to accelerate ecological transition "The boat and her onboard technologies are exposed to harsh environmental conditions, shocks, and extreme temperatures, and fitted with 8 carbon fiber tanks holding a total of 62kg of hydrogen at 350 bar."
	9.14. 13 Mar 2024, Sandia National Laboratories, Maritime Applications for Hydrogen Fuel Cells "H2 fuel cells have a long track record of supplying efficient, clean power for a wide range of applications, including forklifts, mobile lighting, emergency backup power systems & light-duty vehicles. Conducting research for these applications, Sandia has also studied the feasibility, optimization, applications & safety of H2 fuel cells used in maritime settings."
	9.15. 07 Mar 2024, MAN Energy Solutions, MITSUI Performs World-First Hydrogen Test - Adapted ME-GI gas engine runs on hydrogen up to 100% load "MAN/MITSUI successfully tested a 50-bore MAN B&W two-stroke engine up to 100% load at its Tamano facility while running on hydrogen, a world-first for the maritime industry."
	9.16. 14 Feb 2024, Yamaha, YAMAHA DEVELOPS HYDROGEN FUEL SYSTEM WITH ROUSH AND REGULATOR MARINE, HYDROGEN OUTBOARD UNVEILED AT MIAMI INTERNATIONAL BOAT SHOW "Yamaha, Regulator and Roush displayed the boat hull, fuel system and outboard to demonstrate how hydrogen could work as a possible fuel source in a marine environment."
	9.17. 01 Feb 2024, Sandia, Exploring LH2 Tank Technology for Zero-Emission Fuel Cell Vessels "This study explored how improvements in LH2 tank weight, shape, and multiplicity might increase LH2 storage aboard watercraft using hydrogen fuel cells for propulsion. We also sought to identify the most promising R&D routes to improving LH2 tank performance in the areas investigated." Sandia Maritime Applications
	9.18. 09 Jan 2024, Yanmar, Development of Hydrogen-Fueled 4-Stroke Engine Underway for Zero Emission Vessels "Yanmar has embarked on the development of a hydrogen-fueled 4-stroke high-speed engine for power generation for coastal vessels in Japan as part of the Nippon Foundation’s zero emission ship demonstration experiment."
	9.19. 09 Nov 2023, Yanmar Power Technology Co., Ltd, Yanmar Makes First Delivery of Maritime Hydrogen Fuel Cell System to Hybrid Passenger Ship "When running solely on the hydrogen fuel cell system and batteries, the ship creates zero emissions, with notable reductions in power source vibrations and noise, and the elimination of exhaust gas odors."
	9.20. 12 Oct 2023, Three Gorges Hydrogen Boat No.1, China’s first hydrogen ship sets sail in Three Gorges area "Powered by a 500kW hydrogen fuel cell, the ship was developed by a group of companies, including the China State Shipbuilding Corporation, China Yangtze Power Corporation and Jianglong Shipbuilding, and the Wuhan Changjiang Ship Design Institute."

	10.1. 23 Oct 2024, Stegra, Green Steel - Say goodbye to a major polluter. Our near-zero emission steel will be the greenest ore-based steel produced at scale "Here the oxygen in the ore bonds with H2 producing H2O as a byproduct & at the same time making the iron ready for use in steelmaking. Scaled green H2 production enables the transition of hard-to-abate industries towards sustainability."
	10.2. 09 Oct 2024, ScienceDirect, Effect of location on green steel production using Australian resources "This study compares the cost and CO2 emissions associated with green steel production as a function of location for the components in its supply chain between Australia & China & results are benchmarked against a new facility using conventional coal-based technology."
	10.3. 09 Sep 2024, ScienceDirect, Particle-resolved computational modeling of hydrogen-based direct reduction of iron ore pellets in a fixed bed. Part II: Influence of the pellet sizes and shapes "This study emphasizes the importance of accurate bed reconstruction and provides critical insights for optimizing the hydrogen-based direct reduction process in industrial applications."
	10.4. 20 Aug 2024, Austrade, Australia forges a future made from green steel "Australia has plenty of the minerals – magnetite and hematite – and renewable energy resources to make green steel. Supporting infrastructure is in place and expanding. The Australian Government’s 2024–25 Budget includes A$18.1 million over six years from 2024–25 for Green Metals Foundational Incentives."
	10.5. 16 Aug 2024, Fortescue, Fortescue starts works on Green Metal Project "Fortescue has marked a new milestone in its mission to build a green metal supply chain with the start of works at its Green Metal Project in the Pilbara WA. The plant will use green H2 produced at Fortescue’s gaseous & LH2 facility, the largest of its kind in Australia, together with an electric smelting furnace to produce high purity green metal."
	10.6. 09 Jul 2024, ScienceDirect, Global demand for green hydrogen-based steel: Insights from 28 scenarios "We examine 28 existing scenarios to provide a cohesive view of future global demand. In the short term, the demand for green hydrogen-based steel is expected to be limited, constituting 2% of current total steel production by 2030 & transformation phase expected around 2040, marked by accelerated growth."
	10.7. 07 Jun 2024, Boston Metal, Decarbonizing steelmaking for a net-zero future "Developed an electrolysis process eliminates need for coal in steel production. Our platform uses renewable electricity to convert all FeO grades to high-quality liquid metal which eliminates several steps in steelmaking process & does not require coke production, iron ore sintering & pelletizing, blast furnace reduction or O2 furnace refinement."
	10.8. 11 Apr 2024, Voestalpine, Greentec steel: landmark melting at voestalpine site Donawitz "The world’s first high-quality “green” wire rod from hydrogen-reduced pure iron and scrap at its site in Donawitz. The hydrogen-reduced pure iron was produced in the Hyfor pilot plant, while the landmark melting was carried out in the Group’s own Technikum Metallurgie research facility, a unique small but complete steel plant."
	10.9. 01 Mar 2024, ARENA-ANU, ANU – De-risking large-scale Australian fine-ore hydrogen ironmaking "This project was selected as part of the competitive Iron and Steel R&D Funding Round under the Transformative Research Accelerating Commercialisation (TRAC) Program to create solutions for Australian iron ore, predominantly comprised of lower grade ore from the Pilbara, and to decarbonise domestic steel production."
	10.10. 25 Feb 2024, Santos, SANTOS SIGNS MOU TO SUPPORT GREEN STEEL TRANSFORMATION OF WHYALLA STEELWORKS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA "Whyalla has all the elements to lead the green steel industry in one location – vast reserves of high-quality magnetite, abundant potential for the generation of renewable energy, a cape-sized capable sea port, skilled workforce, extensive infrastructure, a supportive community, collaborative governments."
	10.11. 24 Jan 2024, Nature, Green steel from red mud through climate-neutral hydrogen plasma reduction "We show the underlying chemical reactions, pH-neutralization processes and phase transformations during this surprisingly simple and fast reduction method and establishes a sustainable toxic-waste treatment from aluminium production through using red mud."
	10.12. 22 Jan 2024, H2 Green Steel, H2 Green Steel raises more than €4 billion in debt financing for the world’s first large-scale green steel plant "Use of green hydrogen as the reducing agent for iron ore in the steel-making process is one of the highest merit order use cases for green hydrogen we have identified."
	10.13. 17 Jan 2024, Metso, Circored™ 100% Hydrogen based Fine Ore Reduction as one route to CO2 neutral steelmaking "The flexible process, which produces highly metalized direct reduced iron (DRI) or hot briquetted iron (HBI) that can be fed directly to an electric arc furnace, has proven its functionality and performance in an industrial-scale demonstration plant."
	10.14. 12 Dec 2023, ACS, A Review on the Modeling and Simulation of Shaft Furnace Hydrogen Metallurgy: A Chemical Engineering Perspective "The discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)–DEM models have been used for particle-scale simulation to investigate inhomogeneous particle descent and relevant particle–particle interactions."
	10.15. 11 Dec 2023, MDPI, In-Situ H2 Charging Effect on the Fracture Behaviour of 42CrMo4 Steel Submitted to Various Quenched and Tempering Heat Treatments "Here, 42CrMo4 steel was subjected to quenched and tempered heat treatments using different temperature and time durations, in order to obtain different tempered martensite microstructures."
	10.16. 02 Oct 2023, Nature, How much hydrogen is in green steel? "Here two key questions that need to be answered before implementing hydrogen as a reductant at the industrial scale for green steel production: (1) How much hydrogen is in green steel? (2) Will green steel suffer from severe hydrogen embrittlement?"
	10.17. 01 Oct 2023, ScienceDirect, Green steel: Synergies between the Australian iron ore industry and the production of green hydrogen "Australia could produce low-cost green steel for value-added export and there is strong correlation between hydrogen hubs and iron ore operations. Existing infrastructure supports the roll-out of the industry."
	10.18. 29 Sep 2023, Metso-Aurubis, Aurubis AG and Metso working on the decarbonization of Hamburg copper smelter "Metso’s technology, consisting of complete hydrogen-ready Outotec Anode Furnaces with hoods and auxiliary equipment used in the anode refining process with with Aurubis as a key in designing the H2-ready furnace by Metso, a first in the copper industry."
	10.19. 10 Sep 2023, MDPI, Design of LPSO Phases in Mg-Y-Ni Alloys to Impact Hydrogenation Kinetics "This work demonstrated LPSO structures decompose into Mg phase, Mg2Ni phase, lamellar Mg/Mg-Y structures, and YHx particles and shows H2 kinetics can be impacted in Mg-Y-Ni alloys by controlling the LPSO phases using common metallurgical techniques."
	10.20. 09 Sep 2023, ACS, Heat Transfer Conditions in Hydrogen-Fired Rotary Kilns for Iron Ore Processing "This work aims to map operational regimes relevant to H2-fired rotary kiln based on heat transfer conditions, including influence of flame length & presence of char particles. Compared to the conditions in an industrial case of iron ore pelletizing, applying a coal flame."

	11.1. 05 Aug 2024, NASA, Low Leakage Cryogenic Disconnects for Fuel Transfer and Long-Term Storage "To enable deep space missions, the capability to transfer and store cryogenic fuels (typically liquid hydrogen, methane, and oxygen) without significant leakage over long duration missions is critical. NASA has been actively developing zero boil-off cryocooler technology to reduce storage losses."
	11.2. 07 Jun 2024, MT Aerospace, Hydrogen is the driver for future decarbonised mobility solutions "MT Aerospace has decades of experience in the use of LH2 in rocket propulsion systems. This expertise results both from sustainable technology innovations and a large number of product-related cryogenic tests. The further development into cryogenic H2 storage and supply systems is a differentiating feature for MT Aerospace."
	11.3. 08 May 2024, University of Melbourne, High-tech equipment boosts University’s hydrogen and space research "UoM has worked with the Florida, USA-headquartered company GenH2, a leader in hydrogen infrastructure solutions, to install a GenH2 Cryostat CS500 simulation test platform to test & develop super-insulation systems for LH2 storage & other cryogenic applications, including space."
	11.4. 08 May 2024, NASA, NASA MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER IN-SPACE CRYOGENIC PROPULSION CAPABILITIES AND APPLICATIONS TO HUMAN EXPLORATION "Future Mars transit systems are envisioned to utilize either high-thrust nuclear thermal propulsion (with LH2 propellant), or hybrid systems with both cryogenic chemical systems for high acceleration manoeuvres & nuclear electric systems."
	11.5. 12 Mar 2024, PHYS.ORG, Zero-boil-off tank experiments to enable long-duration space exploration "Although the dynamic ZBO approach is complex, it promises an impressive advantage over the currently used passive methods. An assessment of one nuclear propulsion concept for Mars transport estimated that passive boil-off losses for a large LH2 tank carrying 38 tons of fuel for a three-year mission to Mars would be approximately 16 tons/year."
	11.6. 01 Mar 2024, ESA, Green hydrogen for Ariane 6 and more "ESA & CNES are determined to reduce the footprint of rocket launches & ground operations at Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana & aiming to deliver low-carbon H2 generated by solar-powered electrolysis of water by 2026. Project Hyguane a portmanteau of the French words for H2, French Guiana and the local Iguanas is a €40.5M investment in a solar farm and distribution systems."
	11.7. 21 Feb 2024, Space Perspective, The world’s only carbon-neutral spaceship "Space Perspective has designed a luxurious capsule to take passengers on a six-hour trip to the stratosphere, where they can enjoy panoramic views of our humble planet—which they’ll have risen above thanks to a giant hydrogen-filled balloon."
	11.8. 29 Jan 2024, NASA, NASA’s Moon Shot Launched Commercial Fuel Cell Industry - Agency’s technology development prepared fuel cells for tomorrow’s renewable energy grids "NASA started investing in fuel cell technology in the 1960s when rest of world was still content to be powered by fossil fuels, driving NASA to explore new ways to generate & store energy."
	11.9. 04 Jan 2024, NASA, Magnetohydrodynamic Drive for Hydrogen and Oxygen Production in Mars Transfer "A new approach employs magnetohydrodynamic electrolytic cell that extracts & separates O2 & H2 gas without moving parts in microgravity, removing need for a forced water recirculation loop & associated ancillary equipment such as pumps or centrifuges."
	11.10. 15 Nov 2023, Nature, Hydrogen-bearing vesicles in space weathered lunar calcium-phosphates "Here we present transmission electron microscopy analyses of Apollo lunar soil 79221 that reveal solar-wind hydrogen concentrated in vesicles as molecular hydrogen in the calcium-phosphates apatite and merrillite."
	11.11. 21 Sep 2023, WHA International, Will hydrogen power the future of Aerospace? "Engineers have used Hydrogen in rocket fuel and Hydrogen fuel cells since the early years of space exploration. Hydrogen high power and quick refueling potential make it an attractive clean energy option for new aerospace applications as well."
	11.12. 21 Jul 2023, Toyota, Development Status Toyota's Manned Pressurized Rover and MHI's LUPEX Rover "Toyota Fuel cell technology cultivated through long years of vehicle development and technologies developed for the moon, fed back to Earth used to create better vehicles and develop technologies for sustainable society with Lunar Cruiser developed by Toyota."
	11.13. 27 Jun 2023, Infinite Composites, INFINITE COMPOSITES: TYPE V TANKS FOR SPACE "Type V Space application: the infiniteCPV is a simplified all-composite design that allows for users to take advantage of the maximum fuel storage capacity at the lowest possible weight. Removing the need for a metallic or plastic gas barrier eliminates the potential of a liner failure."
	11.14. 06 Jun 2023, Nature, Assessment of the technological viability of photoelectrochemical devices for oxygen and fuel production on Moon and Mars "Present is a refined Martian solar irradiance spectrum and establish the thermodynamic and realistic efficiency limits of solar-driven lunar water-splitting and Martian carbon dioxide reduction (CO2R) devices."
	11.15. 09 May 2023, PHYS.ORG, Researchers switch from helium to hydrogen weather balloons "The National Weather Service provided the electrolysis equipment, which uses electricity to turn water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, and provided regular maintenance of the equipment. The ARM Sandia facility launches two weather balloons a day for weather service."
	11.16. 27 Mar 2023, Destinus, Destinus Receives 12M Grant for H₂ Flight "Destinus, a European aerospace firm specializing in high-speed H₂ powered airplanes, has been chosen by the Spanish Ministry of Science’s Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico e Industrial program to participate in a strategic initiative to further R&D for supersonic flight utilizing H₂ as fuel."
	11.17. 27 Mar 2023, Nature, A solar wind-derived H2O reservoir on the Moon hosted by impact glass beads "A report on the abundance, H2 isotope composition and core-to-rim variations of H2O measured in impact glass beads from lunar soils via Chang’e-5. The impact glass beads preserve hydration signatures & display H2O consistent with inward diffusion of solar wind-derived H2O."
	11.18. 21 Feb 2023, IJER, Liquid Cooling Flow Field Design and Thermal Analysis of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for Space Applications "This study examined PEM fuel cell elements and cooling flow channel design for space applications. The effect of the designed flow channel on the PEM fuel cell temperature distribution was investigated. "
	11.19. 19 Jan 2023, JAXA Honda, Honda Signs Research and Development Contract with JAXA Regarding Circulative Renewable Energy System Designed to Supply Electricity Supporting Living Space for People During Lunar Surface Exploration "The circulative renewable energy system combines Honda’s original high differential pressure water electrolysis system & fuel cell."
	11.20. 01 Jan 2023, Anasphere, Hydrogen Generation for Space, "Anasphere has been developing solid-state H2 gas generators since 2011 and produce dry H2 gas at a rapid & controlled rate. The primary space-related application for these generators is the inflation of Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Deceleratorss."

	12.1. 30 Aug 2024, AU.APP.EDU, GeoScience Australia, Hydrogen opportunities across Australia (video 1:37:36m)
	12.2. 11 Jul 2024, US.APP.ACFT, Joby Aviation, Flying 523 Miles (841km), Emissions-Free: Joby's Hydrogen-Electric Demonstrator (video 2.30m)
	12.3. 18 Jun 2024, US.APP.EDU, H2 NEWS, Hydrogen News First of Its Kind Solar Driven Ethylene and Hydrogen Production Revealed (video 4.50m)
	12.4. 14 Jun 2024, US.APP.EDU, Plug Power, Industry Transformation: Plug Power's Hydrogen Impact (video 9.11m)
	12.5. 18 May 2024, US.APP.AUTO, Honda, Global Debut: Honda Class 8 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Truck Concept (video 2.03m)
	12.6. 15 May 2024, US.APP.EDU, Emerson Regulators and Relief Valves, Shaping the Future: Hydrogen Testing Facility in El Campo, Texas (video 2.35m)
	12.7. 08 May 2024, US.APP.EDU, Sandia National Labs, Sandia Liquid Hydrogen Pooling Experiments: Validating Models for Safety Codes and Standards (video 4.38m)
	12.8. 06 May 2024, AU.APP.EDU, Leader Associates, [IMPACT Webinar]Australia's Hydrogen Industry in 2024: Cutting-edge Project Showcase and Key Updates (video 34.50m)
	12.9. 06 Apr 2024, UK.APP.ACFT, ZeroAvia & Ziroth, Why This Hydrogen Fuel Cell is Engineering Genius (video 21.42m)
	12.10. 11 Apr 2024, US.APP.GEO, University of Texas at Austin, April 2024: Challenges and Opportunities with Geologic Hydrogen (video 1.00.26m)
	12.11. 20 Mar 2024, JP.APP.GEO, Yamaha Marine, Exploring Hydrogen for the Marine Industry (video 7.43m)
	12.12. 02 Mar 2024, US.APP.AUTO, Toyota, 2024 Toyota Mirai Overview \| Toyota (video 7.51m)
	12.13. 27 Feb 2024, AU.APP.EDU, University of Melbourne / Hysata, Bubble-free capillary water electrolysis: A new approach to industrial water electrolysis (video 58.00m)
	12.14. 18 Feb 2024, EU.APP.AUTO, Daimler / Linde, Daimler Mercedes Truck and Linde Liquid Hydrogen Refueling Technology (video 2.06m)
	12.15. 30 Jan 2024, AU.APP.EDU, Energy and Mining SA, Natural hydrogen exploration in South Australia (video 10.09m)
	12.16. 29 Jan 2024, EU.APP.EDU, Airbus, Countdown to #ZEROe: Episode 3 - Fuel Cell Systems Testing (video 2.48m)
	12.17. 27 Jan 2024, US.PROD.EDU, TED, Natural Hydrogen - clean energy right under our feet \| Viacheslav Zgonnik \| TEDxManhattanBeach (video 11.44m)
	12.18. 27 Jan 2024, US.APP.AUTO, GM-Honda, GM & Honda Are Fueling Change With Hydrogen Fuel Cells (video 6.02m)
	12.19. 15 Jan 2024, AU.PROD.SOLAR, SPARC Hydrogen, Sparc Hydrogen Unveils the Future of Green Hydrogen: Photocatalytic Water Splitting Project 2024 (video 1.54m)
	12.20. 11 Jan 2024, US.APP.AUTO, MIT, For the love of speed: Building a hydrogen-powered motorcycle (video 4.10m)
	12.21. 11 Jan 2024, US.APP.STORE, Forvia, Forvia’s Hydrogen Fuel Tank Breakthrough - CES 2024 (video 4.31m)
	12.22. 11 Jan 2024, US.APP.STORE, Hyfindr, Tech Talk - Hydrogen Tank Systems - H2 refueling - Fuel Cell Technology Explained - Hyfindr Andreas (video 20.59m)
	12.23. 24 Nov 2023, EU.APP.PROD, CleanHydrogenJU, EU Hydrogen Research Days - Hydrogen Production (video 1:46:38 HR)
	12.24. 23 Oct 2023, AU.APP.PEM, Endua, How Standards Help Endua Maintain Compliance and Competitiveness (video 1.44m)
	12.25. 20 Aug 2023, AU.PROD.CFE, Hysata, Hysata's Hydrogen Electrolyzer Set to Power Real-World Generators (video 6.09m)
	12.26. 18 Aug 2023, AU.PROD.PEM, Energys, Extreme E Hydrogen Power - Energys Building the Future of Hydrogen (video 3.01m)
	12.27. 17 Aug 2023, EU.PROD.PEM ITM POWER PLC, Introducing POSEIDON - ITM Power’s 20MW electrolyser module. (video 1.58m)
	12.28. 10 Aug 2023, EU.APP.AUTO, BMW, The BMW iX5 Hydrogen-Powered Concept Vehicle \| BMW USA (video 1.27m)
	12.29. 26 Jul 2023, EU.APP.AUTO, Hyunda1, The Hyundai XCIENT Fuel Cell Truck: Commercial Debut (video 4.26m)
	12.30. 11 Jul 2023, EU.APP.SMELT, DW, Can hydrogen powered plants turn steel production 'green'? \| DW News (video 8.06m)
	12.31. 20 Jun 2023, US.APP.EDU, Plug Power, Plug Power's Breakthrough in Hydrogen Liquefaction - Unveiling a New Era of Energy Efficiency (video 11.34m)
	12.32. 30 May 2023, EU.APP.PROD, Hyfindr, Tech Talk - Hydrogen Production - Steam Methane Reforming - Hydrogen Tech Explained - Hyfindr Powers (video 29.22m)
	12.33. 20 Apr 2023, AU.APP.PROD, Geoscience Australia, Natural hydrogen seeps as analogues to inform monitoring of engineered geological hydrogen storage (video 28.47m)
	12.34. 24 Mar 2023, AU.APP.EDU, AXDRIVE, Discover the Innovative High-Tech Features of Hydrogen Electric Bicycles and Cargo Bike AX-DRIVE (video 4.27m)
	12.35. 09 Mar 2023, AU.TE.EDU, TWI Ltd, Risk and Safety Assessment of the Scaled up Hydrogen Storage System (video 58.07m)
	12.36. 09 Mar 2023, AU.PROD.EDU, SA Energy & Mining, Green hydrogen production South Australia (video 2.15m)
	12.37. 24 Feb 2023, EU.APP.STORE, Voith Group, H2 tanks type 1 - type 5, technological differences and advantages (video 4.08m)
	12.38. 23 Feb 2023, KR.APP.ACFT, Hylium Industries, HyliumX - Hylium Industries Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Cell Drone (video 1.19m)
	12.39. 06 Jan 2023, US.APP.EDU, Michigan Engineering, A More Efficient Method for Harvesting Hydrogen (video 1.57m)
	12.40. 23 Nov 2022, US.APP.MIL, GM, US Army Testing A Hydrogen Powered Military Vehicle (video 8.05m)
	12.41. 08 Nov 2022, EU.PROD.EDU, Thyssenkrupp, Hydrogen lead project: thyssenkrupp nucera to expand to 5 GW of annual production capacity (video 5.22m)
	12.42. 29 Oct 2022, US.PROD.EDU, Hyperion, Water Firing Hypercar with NASA Technology \| Hyperion (video 11.49m)
	12.43. 27 Oct 2022, AU.APP.EDU, Hysata, Hysata - Who We Are (video 1.30m)
	12.44. 04 Oct 2022, EU.APP.EDU, [R1-4], Bosch, SOFC production \| From cell to energy supply system (video 3.32m)
	12.45. 15 Sep 2022, EU.APP.RAIL, Alstom, A closer look at the hydrogen fuel cell - and a look behind the technology (video 9.53m)
	12.46. 14 Sep 2022, US.APP.EDU, TED, How Green Hydrogen Could End The Fossil Fuel Era \| Vaitea Cowan \| TED (video 9.14m)
	12.47. 11 Aug 2022, AU.APP.EDU, Engineering with Rosie, CO2-Free Fe: Green Steel Tour with Boston Metal (video 12.48m)
	12.48. 11 Aug 2022, AU.APP.EDU, Linde, Liquid Hydrogen - The Fuel of Choice (video 2.32m)
	12.49. 31 Jul 2022, AU.APP.EDU, Lavo, LAVO Demonstration Site, Victoria (video 0.54m)
	12.50. 21 Jul 2022, AU.APP.EDU, UNSW Standards Australia, Standards and Regulations Gaps Across the Hydrogen Value Chain (video 16.25m)
	12.51. 31 Jul 2022, AU.APP.EDU, Engineering with Rosie, Green Steel: Can We Make Steel Without CO2 Emissions? (video 16.25m)
	12.52. 08 May 2022, US.APP.EDU, NASA, Zero-Boil-Off Tank (ZBOT) on the ISS (video 5.21m)
	12.53. 26 Feb 2022, AU.APP.EDU, DW Planet A, The truth about hydrogen (video 12.07m)
	12.54. 23 Feb 2022, EU.APP.ACFT, Airbus, A tour of the Airbus A380 hydrogen engine test aircraft (video 4.46m)
	12.55. 30 Nov 2021, KR.APP.ACFT, Doosan, Launching the World's First Hydrogen VTOL, DJ25! (video 3.07m)
	12.56. 09 Nov 2021, US.APP.EDU, ASME, When Will We See the Hydrogen Revolution? (video 13.07m)
	12.57. 07 Oct 2021, AU.APP.EDU, Geoscience Australia / AACC Texas, AUSTRALIA Energy Resources Update #1 - Geoscience / Natural Hydrogen (video 45.16m)
	12.58. 09 Sep 2021, US.APP.EDU, NASA / Interesting Engineering, Why rockets eject half a million gallons of water (video 4.32m)
	12.59. 26 Aug 2021, UK.APP.EDU, The Economist, Hydrogen: fuel of the future? (video 8.04m)
	12.60. 19 Aug 2020, EU.APP.EDU, Max Plank Institute, What is hydrogen embrittlement and what can be done to prevent it? (video 8.21m)
	12.61. 22 Apr 2020, EU.APP.EDU, Scott Manley The Science Behind Fuel Cells - How They Powered Spacecraft, Cars And Sometimes Phones (video 14.42m)

	13.1. 25 Jun 2024, Australian Federal Government, Future Gas Strategy, "Two of six principles include: Australia is, and will remain, a reliable trading partner for energy, including Liquefied Natural Gas and low emission gases. Gas must remain affordable for Australian users throughout the transition to net zero." Australia's Future Gas Strategy submission comparison: Ernst & Young vs. GreenPeace Australia
	13.2. 08 Jun 2024, MDPI, Artificial Intelligence-Driven Innovations in Hydrogen Safety, "Here, a comprehensive exploration of recent advancements in hydrogen safety, particularly the application of AI methodologies in evaluating potential safety scenarios, and the design of safety measures is considered. Against this backdrop, the integration of AI methodologies emerges as a transformative paradigm in augmenting H2 safety measures."
	13.3. 13 May 2024, Standards Australia, AU Hydrogen Standards, ME-093 Hydrogen Technologies Strategic Work Plan (PDF) summarises the work of Standards Australia’s ME-093, H2 Technologies committee & highlights its future activities."
	13.4. 07 May 2024, Sandia National Laboratories, US Hydrogen Safety, Codes, and Standards, Sandia’s H2 safety, codes, and standards research program develops the technical data and scientific understanding necessary to offer science-based improvements to the codes & standards that define the safe use of H2. These codes and standards are critical for the broader use and deployment of H2."
	13.5. 01 Feb 2024, HyStandards has been developed by Standards Australia + CSIRO to provide industry, government & community a means of identifying relevant H2 standards through a visual representation of H2 facility scenarios: 🔴 Electrolyser hydrogen production 🔴 Gaseous hydrogen transport by road 🔴 Hydrogen transport by pipeline 🔴 Blended hydrogen transport by pipeline 🔴 Hydrogen refuelling
	13.6. 12 Jan 2023, MDPI, Safety Assessment of H2 Jet Fire Scenarios within Semi-Confined Spaces, "This study applied computational fluid dynamics simulations in conjunction with probabilistic calculation methods to determine the associated thermal risk of a H2 jet fire in a tunnel & its dependency on scenarios with different tunnel slopes, longitudinal & transverse ventilation velocities, & fire positions."
	13.7. 10 Jul 2020, Australian Hydrogen Council, AU Hydrogen: Policy & Regulation, "Standards cover: Safety aspects of H2 generators; Performance of stationary H2 generators for residential, commercial & industrial applications; Quality of hydrogen fuel for vehicular & stationary applications; Construction, safety & performance of systems to produce H2 by the electrolysis of H20; Design & safety features of systems to purify H2 to meet quality standards; Design, construction & testing of portable H2 containers; Design, manufacture & testing of tanks for H2-powered vehicles; Safety & testing of high pressure valves used in refuelling stations for H2 powered vehicles."
	13.8. Technical Committees ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen technologies
	13.9. Standards by ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen technologies

	14.1. 22 Jun 2024, ARENA-Horizon, Denham Hydrogen Demonstration Project Construction and Commissioning Report, "The development of a custom control program for the autonomous control of the plant’s sub‐systems and its integration with the power station control system, demanded significant effort and skilled resources. A control system with high level of maturity was a critical achievement for the success of commissioning and safety operation."
	14.2. 08 May 2024, NREL HyCReD, Hydrogen Component Reliability Database (HyCReD), "HyCReD is a collaborative project between the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the University of Maryland, and hydrogen stakeholders to improve safety reliability for hydrogen facilities by integrating risk reduction methodologies and component reliability data taxonomies that support hydrogen infrastructure failure rate analysis."
	14.3. 20 Mar 2024, TOPSOE, TOPSOE REACHES NEW MILESTONE: SOEC DEMO REVEALS STRONG RESULTS, "In creating technologies that will contribute to and shape the future of the energy transition, Topsoe acknowledges it as a shared responsibility to enable transparency and share learnings whenever possible. To those within the industry, Topsoe hopes this inspires, pushes, and heightens the shared results all strive to meet."
	14.4. 05 Feb 2024, Rosen Group, Hydrogen – Competence for a sustainable future, "We support pipeline operators in the process of converting their existing gas grids to hydrogen. This requires informed decisions for this mission. Our many years of experience in all aspects of performance, safety, and security of pipelines ensure that we know what needs to be done for your success in a hydrogen economy."
	14.5. 28 Jan 2022, NREL, Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Validation, "NREL technology validation team validates H2 fuel cell electric vehicles; H2 fueling infras; H2 system components; & fuel cell use in early market applications eg.material handling, backup power & prime-power applications. The team also analyzes current status of state-of-the-art laboratory fuel cell technologies, with a focus on performance & durability."
	14.6. 15 Jul 2021, HYSAFE,H2 COMPONENT LEAK RATE QUANTIFICATION FOR SYSTEM RISK & RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT THROUGH QRA & PHM FRAMEWORKS, "NREL deployed a test fixture the Leak Rate Quantification Apparatus to quantify mass flow rate of leaking gases from medium & high-pressure components that failed in service. Quantitative H2 leak rate data from system could be used to inform risk assessment & Regulation Codes & Standards."
	14.7. 01 Apr 2013, University of Stanford,Hydrogen Component Validation, "Projects in the Technology Validation sub-program are both “learning demonstrations” to help guide and manage the hydrogen and fuel cell component and materials research and development activities, and a validation of the technology under real-world operating conditions against durability and performance targets."

	15.1. AU - Australian Hydrogen Research Network (AHRN) A community of researchers and interested stakeholders supporting the emerging hydrogen industry in Australia. We foster excellence in hydrogen-related research through an ongoing program of seminars and knowledge-sharing activities.
	15.2. AU - Australian National University (ANU) Publications on aspects of the Hydrogen economy transition.
	15.3. AU - Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) The Knowledge Bank is an open-source library of reports, studies, multimedia and tools that provide guidance and learnings to benefit future renewable hydrogen energy projects.
	15.4. AU - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publications from CSIRO on Hydrogen Fuel Cell research and development of renewable energy solutions. Hydrogen Knowledge Centre
	15.5. AU - Geoscience Australia / Monash University - Hydrogen Economic Fairways Tool (HEFT) HEFT was developed by Geoscience Australia in collaboration with Monash University & is based on an open-source economic model that maps the economic viability of H2 production opportunities across Australia.
	15.6. AU - Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) Publications from the RMIT Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Laboratory (SHEL) that pioneers research and development on hydrogen energy solutions.
	15.7. AU - Swinburne Institute of Technology / Victorian Hydrogen Hub Led by Swinburne University of Technology in partnership with CSIRO and Germany’s ARENA2036 factory, the Victorian Hydrogen Hub (VH2) brings together researchers, industry partners and business to drive the implementation of the hydrogen economy.
	15.8. AU - University of NSW Hydrogen storage and battery technology groupResearch focuses on fabrication and storage optimization of a novel porous solid-state hydrogen storage material in fuel cell integrated systems to reduce the hydrogen storage pressure to only 10MPa, six times less than current market technology.
	15.9. CH - Frontiers Frontiers is the 3rd most-cited and 6th largest research publisher and open science platform. Our research journals are community-driven and peer-reviewed by editorial boards of more than 260,000 top researchers.
	15.10. CH - MDPI Hydrogen Journal MDPI has supported academic communities since 1996. Based in Basel, Switzerland, MDPI has the mission to foster open scientific exchange in all forms, across all disciplines.
	15.11. DE - Hyfindr Publications on hydrogen system components, materials and other hydrogen related equipment.
	15.12. DE - Hydrogen Tech World Publications including an interesting mix of company profiles, in-depth technical articles, reports from major end users and projects in the hydrogen production industries.
	15.13. EU - Hydrogen Europe Research Publications from the European scientific community involved in the development of a new, industrial ecosystem based on hydrogen and committed to moving towards a circular, carbon-neutral economy.
	15.14. EU - Interreg: North-West Europe H2SHIPS Research By concentrating on collaboration, CSHIPP strives to connect the dots between the various projects which look at the shared topic of clean shipping from different angles. The site is also a portal for sharing the H2SHIPS Project outputs.
	15.15. FI - Aalto University H2 Innovation Center Hydrogen open source search on technical materials relating to hydrogen evolution, storage, distribution, and fuel cells.
	15.16. INT - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy A central vehicle for the exchange and dissemination of new ideas, technology developments and research results in the field of Hydrogen Energy between scientists and engineers throughout the world.
	15.17. JP - Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology, Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, Hydrogen Energy Carrier Team Developing technologies for storing and utilizing large amounts of renewable energy that will help solve several energy issues facing Japan.
	15.18. KR - Korea Institute of Energy Research Future Energy Research Division conducts researches on H2 generation, storage, transportation, and utilization to realize a future energy society, focusing on the development of fuel cell technologies represented by generation, storage, and use of H2, an eco-friendly source of energy with economic benefits obtained by coal fuels and water.
	15.19. NL - ScienceDirect From foundational science to new and novel research, discover our large collection of Physical Sciences and Engineering publications, covering a range of disciplines, from the theoretical to the applied.
	15.20. NL - ScienceDirect Journal of Green Technologies and Sustainability This Journal encourages and promotes interdisciplinary research and development to important technological and theoretical developments in greentech and sustainability issues.
	15.21. SG - National University of Singapore - Centre for Hydrogen Innovations Research site focus promotes cutting-edge R&D advancements in H2 production, storage, and utilization; and fosters collaborations with industries, academia, and agencies to drive H2-based solutions.
	15.22. UK - Geological Society Publications - Lyell Collection Research site search "hydrogen" - the Lyell Collection represents one of the largest integrated collections of online Earth Science literature available.
	15.23. UK - The Major Projects Association - Knowledge Centre Renewable Hydrogen Energy: Applied Scientific and Engineering References - A set of recent, curated, renewable Hydrogen energy scientific and engineering references covering: H2 production via electromechanical and electrolysis methods; H2 production via solar and protonic ceramics; proton exchange membrane fuel cells; H2 storage as liquid or compressed gas and Type IV carbon fibre reinforced storage products. Industry area references are categorized under Automotive; Aviation; Defence; Marine; Rail; and Smelting and Steel. References to significant H2 Research Centers, and H2 market analyses are also included.
	15.24. UK - TheIET.ORG The Institution of Engineering and Technology Wiley - Search "hydrogen + energy" => research developments -> we inspire, inform and influence the global engineering and technology community to engineer a better world.
	15.25. UK - Science X / PHYS.ORG Search "hydrogen + energy" => Daily science news on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations.
	15.26. UK - University of Birmingham The Birmingham Centre for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Research focuses on research and development, applications and demonstrations of fuel cell and hydrogen systems and technologies.
	15.27. US - American Chemical Society (ACS) pubs.acs.org ACS Publications’ commitment to publishing high-quality content continues to attract impactful research that addresses the world’s most important challenges.
	15.28. US - IEEE ieee.org IEEE is the world’s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.
	15.29. US - Mendeley.com Search "hydrogen + energy" => Year/Document Type/Journal/Author/Access Type/Most relevant/Most recent/Most cited science articles on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations.
	15.30. US - MIT HyTEC The research capabilities at HyTEC range from a wide variety of experimental and modeling areas associated with hydrogen. We have partnered with world-leading industries and organizations to advance the science and develop new technologies necessary to improve efficiency, reduce cost, and improve the safety of hydrogen production, liquefaction, storage and transportation.
	15.31. US - Nature.com Search "hydrogen + evolution + reaction + HER" for wide variety of journal articles on researched developments, technological breakthroughs and latest innovations.
	15.32. US - National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) NREL's research accelerates development, integration, and scale up of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to enable widespread deployment across multiple energy sectors.
	15.33. US - Naval Postgraduate School Energy Academic Group (EAG) Energy Academic Group maintains the Naval Postgraduate School as a Navy center of excellence for energy graduate education and research. Our efforts focus on solving the Navy, Marine Corps, and Department of Defense’s most critical energy problems through graduate education and research. To that end, EAG employs a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach using the basic sciences, engineering, operations and analysis, and business methods.
	15.34. US - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Technical information about hydrogen published in technical reports, conference proceedings, journal articles, and websites is provided, across categories: General, Production, Delivery, and Storage.
	15.35. US - Pennsylvania State University, H2E Center Researchers at Penn State are active in a variety of topics in hydrogen production, storage, and use in fuel cells and for other applications.
	15.36. US - Proceedings of the National Academv of Sciences, PNAS PNAS is one of the world's most-cited and comprehensive multidisciplinary scientific journals, publishing more than 3,500 research papers annually.
	15.37. US - Sandia National Laboratories, SNL Sandia National Laboratories is operated and managed by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc.
	15.38. US - University of Michigan - MI Hydrogen A joint venture by the Office of the Vice President for Research, Michigan Engineering and the School for Environment and Sustainability.
	15.39. US - University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing Publications includes a number of specific areas of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells research related to fundamental knowledge, technical applications, and integrated systems.
	15.40. US - Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) SwRI develops applied R&D solutions with hydrogen technology used in rockets, alternative combustion, fuel cells, energy storage, and industrial processing plants.
	15.41. US - University of Maryland (UMD) Faculty at UMD are engaged in many aspects of fuel cell R&D including: Microbial fuel cells - a bio-electrochemical system that uses bacteria as the catalyst to oxidize organic and inorganic matter, and consequently, generate electric current. Applications include power generation systems, bio-recovery, & waste-water treatment. Polymer electrolyte membrane Fuel Cells - deliver high power density and offer the advantages of low weight and volume compared with other fuel cells. PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer as an electrolyte and porous carbon electrodes containing a platinum or platinum alloy catalyst. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - use a hard, non-porous ceramic compound as the electrolyte. SOFCs operate at very high temperatures which removes the need for precious-metal catalyst, thereby reducing cost.
	15.42. US - University of Texas (UT) Feautured publications and White Papers on Blue Hydrogen, Green H2 economy, H2 infrastructure, and achieving NET ZERO by 2050.


	16.1 AFRICA (4)
	16.1.1. KE, GREEN HYDROGEN STRATEGY ROADMAP FOR KENYA, "The analysis showed that Kenya has sufficient renewable energy resources that are available in the country for large scale production of green hydrogen without harming the availability and supply to electricity consumers. This comprehensive approach underscores the strategy’s commitment to nurturing a shared vision, elevating green hydrogen to a pivotal cross-cutting factor in Kenya’s development agenda. By acting as a catalyst for sustainable socio-economic advancement, the strategy harmonizes with the nation’s steadfast pursuit of sustainable growth."
	16.1.2. MT, GREEN HYDROGEN MOROCCAN OFFER, "Thanks to the enlightened vision of His Majesty the King, may God assist Him, Morocco is playing an important part in the global energy transition and increasing its position as an energy hub. With its significant solar and wind energy potential, the Kingdom is one of the countries with the largest potential for green hydrogen generation, capable of meeting more than 4% of global demand by 2030. This is a significant potential for the Kingdom, which sees it as a way to decarbonize its economy, generate wealth, and create jobs."
	16.1.3. NA, Namibia. Green Hydrogen and Derivatives Strategy, "Green hydrogen plays a crucial role in the global decarbonization effort because of its versatility and unique ability to connect power, gas, chemicals and fuel markets, especially in hard-to- abate sectors. Under a net-zero by 2050 scenario, global demand for hydrogen and its derivatives is expected to soar from an estimated 140 mtpa of hydrogen equivalent in 2030 to 660 mtpa in 2050."
	16.1.4. ZA, GREEN HYDROGEN COMMERCIALISATION STRATEGY FOR SOUTH AFRICA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 30 NOVEMBER 2022, "The rapidly developing global Green Hydrogen (GH) market is a significant opportunity for South Africa to position itself as a global competitor in future green energy markets. Developing a vibrant GH domestic demand landscape and manufacturing capability in South Africa will be critical to decarbonise our economy and to mitigate the risk of declining fossil fuels usage linked to industrial activity. Ultimately, a thriving GH sector in South Africa will contribute to the country’s sustainable competitiveness as the world transitions to Net Zero."


	16.2 ASIA (6)
	16.2.1. CN, CHINA RELEASED THE FIRST MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM HYDROGEN ROADMAP, "On 23 March 2022, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) published the “Medium and Long-term Plan for Hydrogen Energy Industry Development (2021-2035)”. This is the first time China’s central government issues a comprehensive strategy for hydrogen development. The document sets goals for the time until 2035."
	16.2.2. IN, National Green Hydrogen Mission, "To make India the Global Hub for production, usage and export of Green Hydrogen and its derivatives. This will contribute to India’s aim to become Aatmanirbhar through clean energy and serve as an inspiration for the global Clean Energy Transition. The Mission will lead to significant decarbonisation of the economy, reduced dependence on fossil fuel imports, and enable India to assume technology and market leadership in Green Hydrogen"
	16.2.3. JP, Overview of Basic Hydrogen Strategy, "Through green transformation (GX), Japan aims to simultaneously realize stable energy supply, economic growth, enhanced international industrial competitiveness, and decarbonization. In order to draw out more than 150 trillion yen in GX-related investment from the public and private sectors over the next 10 years, the government has indicated a policy of providing upfront investment support on the scale of 20 trillion yen."
	16.2.4. KR, Republic of Korea - KIER Energy Policy Research Team, "In order to develop a vision of energy technology for transition to a carbon-neutral country, KIER is in charge of establishing R&D strategies such as R&D business & operation plans and mid- to long-term R&D strategies plan. Also, based on energy technology policy research, we are striving to prepare technological alternatives that can proactively respond to national energy and climate change issues. Moreover, we are supporting establishment of national energy technology R&D strategies as National Technology Strategy Center of Ministry of Science and ICT."
	16.2.5. MY, HYDROGEN ECONOMY – POWERING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE, "The Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA) successfully organised an inaugural seminar with the theme ‘Hydrogen Economy – Building a Sustainable Ecosystem in Shaping the Future of Energy, Materials & Infrastructure’ at MIDA Sentral, Kuala Lumpur on 21 March 2023. This seminar aimed to explore the significant potential of hydrogen technology and its ability to transform Malaysia’s energy, materials, and infrastructure sectors."
	16.2.6. SG, Singapore’s National Hydrogen Strategy, "For Singapore, hydrogen will complement and diversify our power mix alongside solar, imported electricity, and other potential low-carbon energy sources. Depending on technological developments and the development of other energy sources, hydrogen could supply up to half of our power needs by 2050 and will play an important role in decarbonising our industry."


	16.3 EUROPE (26)
	16.3.1. AT, Hydrogen Strategy for Austria, "Compatibility with the goal of achieving climate neutrality is only ensured through the use of climate-neutral hydrogen. In the intermediate term, it will remain a scarce and high-quality energy carrier and must therefore be used efficiently through focused deployment."
	16.3.2. BE, Belgian federal Hydrogen Strategy, "On October 29, 2021, the federal government adopted its first hydrogen strategy on the proposal of Energy Minister Tinne Van der Straeten. This document announced for the first time Belgium's ambitions for renewable molecules and the role it wants to play as an import and transit hub in Europe. Since then, many measures have been initiated. On October 12, 2022, the federal government validated an update of this strategy to reflect the state of progress of the implementation of the latter. Additional measures are announced taking into account recent developments in the sector."
	16.3.3. CZ, The Czech Republic's Hydrogen Strategy, "The Czech Republic’s Hydrogen Strategy is being developed in the context of the Hydrogen Strategy for a climate neutral Europe, which reflects the European Green Deal objective of climate neutrality by 2050. The objective of the Strategy is thus to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in such a way that the economy shifts smoothly to low-carbon technologies."
	16.3.4. DE, National Hydrogen Strategy Update, "The use of hydrogen and its derivatives will play a key role in the decarbonisation process, in particular for the transformation process in the energy sector, the transport sector and industry that is due to be completed by 2030."
	16.3.5. DK, Danish strategy for Power-to-X (PtX), "Together with a broad majority in the Folketing, the Government has also funded Danish value chain projects for hydrogen (IPCEI) with DKK 850 million, allocated roughly DKK 400 million to the development of PtX via the EUDP and Danish Energy Agency’s energy storage funding pool and finally, allocated DKK 500 million from REACT-EU to act on the recommendations from the regional growth teams to establish eight local commercial beacons in Denmark."
	16.3.6. EE, Estonian Hydrogen Roadmap, "Based on the long-term development strategy ‘Estonia 2035’ and the European Green Deal, Estonia has set itself ambitious climate, environmental and energy objectives. To achieve these objectives, it is necessary to switch from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources, including hydrogen."
	16.3.7. ES, SPAIN RENEWABLE HYDROGEN ROADMAP, "The Spanish government has developed the county’s “Hydrogen Roadmap: A Commitment to Renewable Hydrogen” plan to contribute to achieving climate neutrality and a 100% renewable electricity system with objectives for 2030 and a vision for 2050 to ensure that renewable hydrogen contributes to the country’s climate neutrality.by 2050."
	16.3.8. EU, Key actions of the EU Stratey, "The hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe was adopted in July 2020. By the first quarter 2022, all of its 20 action points were implemented and delivered. The 20 key actions in the EU Hydrogen Strategy (COM/2020/301) are listed below with follow-up information and links."
	16.3.9. FI, Net-Zero Government Initiative (NZGI) Finland, "Finland will double its production of clean electricity. The share of renewable energy in energy production will be increased, and action will be taken towards phasing out the use of fossil fuels in heat and electricity production by the 2030s at the latest."
	16.3.10. FR, NATIONAL HYDROGEN STRATEGY, "Harnessing the hydrogen sector’s full potential in pursuit of France’s decarbonization and reindustrialization."
	16.3.11. HR, HYDROGEN STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA UNTIL 2050, "The Strategy therefore sets out indicative possibilities for the development of production, storage, transport and general use of hydrogen with the aim of reducing CO2 emissions, as well as the possibility of including the economy in the equipment production sector."
	16.3.12. HU, HUNGARY’S NATIONAL HYDROGEN STRATEGY, "On the long term, the Strategy focuses on “green” hydrogen, but in addition to hydrogen based on electricity generated using renewable resources, primarily solar energy, Hungary does not ignore opportunities for hydrogen production based on carbon-free energy accessed either through a nuclear basis or from the network. Additionally, in the short and medium term, a rapid reduction in emissions and the establishment of a viable hydrogen market will also require low-carbon hydrogen."
	16.3.13. IE, National Hydrogen Strategy, "The National Hydrogen Strategy sets out the strategic vision on the role that hydrogen will play in Ireland’s energy system, looking to its long-term role as a key component of a zero-carbon economy, and the short-term actions that need to be delivered over the coming years to enable the development of the hydrogen sector in Ireland."
	16.3.14. IS, Hydrogen and E-fuels Roadmap for Iceland, "Green hydrogen and related chemicals derived from hydrogen (e.g., e-ammonia, e-meth- anol, e-diesel, and e-kerosene) will significantly decarbonise the world economy as feedstock and fuel. It will play a key role in sectors heavily relying on fossil fuels, such as heavy-duty road transport, maritime and aviation sectors, and industries that are hard to decarbonise such as the fertiliser, steel, and refinery industries. In Iceland, hydrogen and e-fuels are the keys to decarbonising the transportation and maritime sectors."
	16.3.15. LT, LITHUANIAN NATIONAL ENERGY INDEPENDENCE STRATEGY – A ROADMAP FOR THE FUTURE, "Domestically produced biomethane and hydrogen will play a strong role in public and heavy duty transport decarbonization so infrastructure is being prepared in advance. It is planned to increase the share of renewable gases in the transport sector by 5% until 2030."
	16.3.16. LU, Stratégie hydrogène du Luxembourg, "In Luxembourg, an annual consumption of fossil hydrogen of around 450 tonnes (H2) has been identified in industry. The substitution of presently used fossil H2 by renewable H2 should constitute an intermediate objective, allowing for GHG emissions savings of up to >5,000 tonnes (CO2) per year. Then, renewable hydrogen will contribute to the gradual decarbonisation of other hard-to-abate processes. Against the background of the traget climate neutrality by 2050, renewable hy"
	16.3.17. LV, National Hydrogen Strategy, "Latvia, as already one of the greenest countries in Europe, must utilize its potential in renewable energy, hydrogen technologies, and bioeconomy, becoming both a net exporter of electricity and a leader in green technology development,” emphasizes Minister of Economics Viktors Valainis."
	16.3.18. NL, Excelling in Hydrogen Dutch technology for a climate-neutral world, "Next to its use as feedstock or fuel, hydrogen can, as an energy carrier, solve systemic issues by enabling further integration of renewable energy in our energy system. Although challenges lie ahead, fostering the development of hydrogen is key to making the energy transition a success."
	16.3.19. NO, The Norwegian Government’s hydrogen strategy, "This hydrogen strategy is a contribution to the process of developing new low emission technologies and solutions. An increased focus on hydrogen in Norway is in line with the goal of having internationally competitive businesses which develop the technology and solutions addressing tomorrow’s challenges. We will grasp the opportunities presented by the green transition."
	16.3.20. PL, 2030 POLISH HYDROGEN STRATEGY, "ULTIMATE GOAL IS IS TO CREATE THE POLISH BRANCH OF THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRONG NATIONAL AND LOCAL COMPETENCES IN THE PRODUCTION OF KEY COMPONENTS FROM THE HYDROGEN VALUE CHAIN AND THEIR APPLICATION IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE CLIMATE NEUTRALITY AND MAINTAIN THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE POLISH ECONOMY."
	16.3.21. PT, National Strategy for Hydrogen, "Council of Ministers Resolution no. 63/2020 - Portugal has established the National Hydrogen Strategy according with the attachment of the Council of Ministers' Resolution 63/2020, published on 14/08/2020, which is an integral part of it."
	16.3.22. RO, National Strategy for Hydrogen and Action Plan for Romania, "The strategy implementation will be continuous and will take into consideration any changes in the internal and external context during the analysed strategic timespan. Actions and measures are defined in view of the general objectives, ensuring that their sum results in the benchmarks being reached."
	16.3.23. SE, Hydrogen strategy, "Hydrogen will play an important role for Swedish industry when implementing the 22 roadmaps for fossil-free competitiveness. Fossil Free Sweden has developed a strategy to use hydrogen to achieve the climate goals but also with a focus on new industrial initiatives to create innovations, jobs and export products."
	16.3.24. SK, Slovakia Hydrogen Strategy: Ready for the Future, "The National Hydrogen Strategy defines the strategic role of the state in use of hydrogen technologies in the Slovak Republic in the context of current development in the European Union member states."
	16.3.25. UA, UA Decarbonisation and the Green Deal: Ministry of Energy presents the draft Hydrogen Strategy, "The Ukraine Ministry of Energy presented the draft Hydrogen Strategy until 2050 during a working group meeting. The document contains up-to-date data on the development of hydrogen energy in the world, hydrogen classification and analysis of international legislation."
	16.3.26. UK, UK hydrogen strategy, "This strategy sets out the approach to developing a thriving low carbon hydrogen sector in the UK to meet our increased ambition for 10GW of low carbon hydrogen production capacity by 2030. The page includes hydrogen strategy updates to the market."


	16.4 NORTH AMERICA (2)
	16.4.1. CA, The Hydrogen Strategy, "The Hydrogen Strategy was released in December 2020, and positions Canada as a world-leading producer, user and exporter of low-carbon hydrogen and associated technologies. Natural Resources Canada engaged with stakeholder groups, provincial and territorial governments, and Indigenous partners to develop a strategy that will help set us on the path to meet our climate change goals of becoming net-zero by 2050."
	16.4.2. US, U.S. National Clean Hydrogen Strategy and Roadmap, "The U.S. National Clean Hydrogen Strategy and Roadmap explores opportunities for clean hydrogen to contribute to national decarbonization goals across multiple sectors of the economy. It provides a snapshot of hydrogen production, transport, storage, and use in the United States today."


	16.5 OCEANIA (2)
	16.5.1. AU, Australia’s National Hydrogen Strategy, "Australia’s National Hydrogen Strategy sets a vision for a clean, innovative, safe and competitive hydrogen industry that benefits all Australians. It aims to position our industry as a major global player by 2030."
	16.5.2. NZ, New Zealand’s hydrogen roadmap, "Development of a Hydrogen Roadmap was included as an action in the first Emissions Reduction Plan in 2022. The roadmap will outline the Government’s position on the future role of hydrogen in New Zealand and set out the pathway for establishing a hydrogen industry in Aotearoa New Zealand that will support the transition to net zero 2050."


	16.6 SOUTH AMERICA (5)
	16.6.1. BR, 2031 TEN-YEAR ENERGY EXPANSION PLAN, "Hydrogen has the potential to initiate a paradigm shift in the energy sector, bringing substantial opportunities to Latin America. The region can become a world leader mainly in low carbon hydrogen, considering the abundant and competitive renewable energy resources, as well as contributing to strongly decarbonize the region's industries and transportion sector."
	16.6.2. CL, NATIONAL GREEN HYDROGEN STRATEGY Chile, a clean energy provider for a carbon neutral planet, "Like hydrogen, Chile is small by nature and, accordingly, contributes just 0.3% to global greenhouse gas emissions. However, we too have an outsized role to play in turning the tide on rising emissions and pursuing a low carbon path to growth and development. What we lack in size, we more than make up for in potential. In the desert in the North, with the highest solar irradiance on the planet, and in the Patagonia in the South, with strong and consistent winds, we have the renewable energy potential to install 70 times the electricity generation capacity we have today. This abundant renewable energy will enable us to become the cheapest producer of green hydrogen on Earth. Our National Green Hydrogen Strategy is aimed at turning this promise into reality."
	16.6.3. CO, Colombia's Hydrogen Roadmap, "The purpose of the Hydrogen Roadmap is to contribute towards the development and implementation of low-emission carbon hydrogen in Colombia, thus reinforcing the Government's commitment to the reduction of emissions according to the objectives set forth in the 2015 Paris Agreement. In order to develop this Roadmap, the Colombian Government has the support of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) through its Energy Division and its Climate Change and Sustainability Division."
	16.6.4. PY, Towards the Green Hydrogen Roadmap in Paraguay, "This project, in the form of guidelines and a proposal for a demonstration project, aims to be a catalyst for the development of the green hydrogen (H2) economy in Paraguay aimed at meeting energy needs and contributing to producti- ve development. In addition, it is a comple- ment to national efforts to develop sustai- nable urban mobility as an alternative for the mitigation of the environmental and public health impact of mobility and trans- portation activities, which are responsible for poor air quality, noise pollution and increased temperatures in urban centers."
	16.6.5. UY, Green Hydrogen Roadmap in Uruqguay, "This roadmap is a first step to start setting a course in dialogue with many other stakeholders and in parrallel to drive concrete actions through the development of a specific program called H2U."

▶ ATOMIC / MOLAR MASS
Atomic Mass (mole): Hydrogen 1.00784 u; Carbon 12.011 u; Oxygen 15.999 u
Molar Mass: Hydrogen 2.01568 g/mole; Carbon 12.011 g/mole; Oxygen 31.998 g/mole

▶ HYDROGEN HEURISTICS
1000g H₂_(g) + 7937g O₂_(g) ↔ 8937g H₂O_(l) + 33.33kWh Energy (LHV)
3kg H₂_(g) + 24kg O₂_(g) ↔ 27kg H₂O_(l) + 100kWh Energy (LHV)
Light duty FCEV GH2 tank: 4-6kg H₂_(g)
Light duty FCEV: 1kg H₂_(g) / 100km
Basic filling flow rate: 1-2kg H₂_(g) / min
Fast filling flow rate: 14-21kg H₂_(g) / min
Cryogenic volumetric mass density: 70kg H₂_(l) / m3

▶HYDROGEN SHOT USA: 1kg H₂ / 1USD by 2031

▶STOICHIOMETRY - HYDROGEN / ALKANES
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER): 2H₂O_(l) ↔ 2H₂_(g) + O₂_(g) E⁰ = -1.229V