Hydrogen Energy Research

► R1. PROD: Alkaline / AEM / PEM Electrolysis (20)

	1.1. 18 Oct 2026, Elsevier Energy Conversion and Management; Experimental estimation of gas saturation from voltage fluctuations in a PEM water electrolysis stack under static tilt and dynamic roll motion, "In this study, a five-cell PEMWE stack was mounted on a 6-DoF motion platform and systematically evaluated under controlled static tilt and dynamic roll motion. The novelty of this work lies in the stack-level experimental evaluation of motion-induced voltage response and its interpretation through quantitative voltage component decomposition and inferred gas saturation variation. The thermodynamic, ohmic, and concentration contributions were evaluated separately, and the remaining activation-related residual was used to infer variation in pore gas saturation at the interface between the catalyst layer and the microporous layer. Particular attention is given to voltage deviation and fluctuation defined relative to the appropriate mean voltage reference for each experiment: the 0° reference condition for static tilt and the case mean for dynamic roll motion."
	1.2. 13 Oct 2026, ACS Omega; Elucidating the Action Mechanism of the Carbon Substrate in Pt/C-Catalyzed Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction, "In the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), loading Pt on a carbon substrate can markedly enhance its activity. Electrochemical tests show that the Tafel slopes of Pt/C and Pt mesh are 73 and 171 mV dec–1, respectively, which indicate the HER mechanisms on Pt/C and Pt are different. In alkaline media, the HER on Pt is limited by H2O dissociation. Herein the effect of the carbon substrate on the H2O dissociation process on a Pt cluster was systematically studied by density functional theory calculations. The results indicate that the electron redistribution of the Pt cluster caused by the carbon substrate can enhance the Lewis acidity of the active site, thereby accelerating H2O dissociation step on the Pt cluster. Therefore, promoting the H2O dissociation step on Pt by the carbon substrate is one of the prime reasons for the eminent activity of Pt/C in the alkaline HER."
	1.3. 12 Oct 2026, Nature Communications Chemistry; Engineering an AgZnInS@ZnS/g-C₃N₄ hybrid heterostructure for enhanced green hydrogen production, "Herein, we engineered a hybrid heterostructure AZIS@ZnS/g-C₃N₄ (CS QD/gCN) as an effective HER catalyst. CS QDs/g-C₃N₄ integration enabled superior charge transfer with lower resistance and higher photocurrent than AZIS QDs (C QDs), CS QDs, and C QD/gCN systems. The CS QD/g-C₃N₄ hybrid under visible light achieved extraordinary HER with 54 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm⁻² and 57 mV dec⁻¹ Tafel slope, closely matching Pt/C under dark conditions (45 mV, 53 mV dec⁻¹). The experimental performance is supported by Computational Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, which show that the CS QD/g-C₃N₄ hybrid has type-II band alignment that enhances the charge separation and extends the visible-light absorption. Furthermore, the computed Gibbs free energy for hydrogen adsorption (ΔGH* = −0.36 eV) gets closer to the thermodynamic optimum; it confirms that the HER has lower kinetic barriers."
	1.4. 10 Oct 2026, Nature Communications Chemistry; A targeted ionic iron/platinum-based precatalyst for bias-dependent reconstruction in alkaline water splitting, "We report an ionic iron/platinum-based precatalyst reservoir for alkaline water splitting, prepared by combining anionic iron(III) phthalocyanine-4,4′,4″,4‴-tetrasulfonate (FeTSPc³⁻) with cationic [Pt(NH₃)₄]²⁺ (TP²⁺) species. The resulting FeTSPc/TP ionic solid has limited solubility in alkaline electrolyte and supplies Fe- and Pt-derived species under electrochemical bias. Rather than acting as a persistent molecular bifunctional catalyst, FeTSPc/TP undergoes bias-dependent reconstruction on nickel-foam electrodes. Under anodic conditions, Fe-derived species are associated with the nickel surface, producing a Ni–Fe (oxy)hydroxide-type OER-active layer. Under cathodic conditions, Pt-derived species generate Pt-containing deposits that promote the HER. Compared with bare Ni foam, the FeTSPc/TP system decreases the OER overpotential by approximately 200 mV and the HER overpotential by approximately 80 mV under the tested conditions. The analyses support the formation of distinct catalyst-derived surface deposits at the two electrodes."
	1.5. 10 Oct 2026, ACS Applied Engineering Materials; Binder-Free Mo in C and W in C Nanofoam Composites for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction, "Herein, we present a binder-free fabrication route for Mo in C and W in C nanofoam composite electrodes based on simultaneous pulsed laser ablation of graphite and transition-metal targets, followed by thermal annealing for in situ carburization. This single-step deposition approach produces hierarchical carbon nanofoams with embedded metallic nanoparticles that evolve into catalytically active carbide phases without binders or chemical precursors. Structural characterization reveals that the carbon solubility of the transition metal influences the final architecture and HER activity. In Mo in C, higher carbon solubility accelerates carburization and particle coalescence, resulting in partial collapse of the carbon framework but improved interfacial electronic coupling."
	1.6. 09 Oct 2026, ACS Langmuir; Self-Catalyzed Hastelloy Fiber Paper (HAP) Porous Transport Layer for OER in Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis, "In this study, HAP is demonstrated to exhibit intrinsic OER activity without the intentional deposition of an additional catalyst layer. This intrinsic catalytic behavior enables HAP to simultaneously serve as both the porous transport layer and the OER-active electrode, which is herein referred to as a “self-catalyzed” PTL. Unlike conventional PTLs that primarily provide mass transport and electrical conduction, the HAP investigated in this work contributes directly to the OER reaction. The catalytic behavior originates from the alloy surface itself, which contains catalytically relevant transition-metal species including Ni, Mo, and Cr. Under alkaline anodic conditions, the surface may undergo oxidation and reconstruction, generating electrochemically active surface species. Although the individual contributions of Ni, Mo, and Cr cannot be completely separated based on the present experiments, their combined surface chemistry is considered responsible for the intrinsic OER activity of HAP."
	1.7. 07 Oct 2026, MDPI; In Situ Constructed Self-Supported MoS2/TiO2 Nanotube Electrodes for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution, "Herein, vertically aligned TiO2 nanotube arrays were directly grown on Ti substrates via electrochemical anodization and subsequently employed as a scaffold for the in situ hydrothermal growth of MoS2 nanosheets. Among the investigated electrodes, MoS2/TNT-2 exhibits the best electrochemical HER performance, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 353 mV in 1 M KOH. Moreover, the electrode maintains good electrochemical stability during a 24 h chronoamperometric test and after 2000 cyclic voltammetry sweeps. This work provides a facile route for constructing self-supported MoS2/TiO2 heterostructured electrodes for alkaline HER."
	1.8. 06 Oct 2026, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Overview of alkaline water electrolysis processes and recommendations for the implementation of a laboratory-scale AWE test rig, "This paper provides a practical guide to the design, construction, and operation of a zero-gap AWE cell and its associated test rig. Fundamental principles governing AWE performance including thermodynamics, overpotentials, and bubble-related transport phenomena, are outlined to connect electrochemical theory with practical implementation. Detailed descriptions of key cell components are provided alongside discussions of electrode kinetics and degradation mechanisms, with an emphasis on industrial-standard nickel-based catalysts. Beyond cell architecture, this review consolidates critical considerations for testing infrastructure: electrolyte circulation strategies, gas–liquid separation, gas handling, safety systems, and the integration of sensors enabling reproducible, industrially relevant operation. Special attention is placed on aspects such as dissolved gas transport, bubble management, gas crossover, and contamination from stainless steel components which can strongly influence both performance and safety."
	1.9. 01 Oct 2026, Springer Nature; A review on the degradation of hydrogen evolution electrodes under fluctuating renewable electricity, "This review summarizes the characteristic fluctuation patterns of renewable energy and their impacts on the operational stability of electrolytic systems. It further provides a systematic discussion of electrode degradation behaviors and dominant mechanisms under various operating conditions, including over-power, low-power, no-power, start–stop cycling, and dynamic fluctuation scenarios. Finally, key future research priorities are highlighted, emphasizing the development of multiscale degradation models, dynamic evaluation and lifetime prediction frameworks, and highly stable, adaptive electrode materials. These advances will provide critical theoretical and technological foundations for efficient, durable water electrolysis systems powered by renewable energy."
	1.10. 30 Sep 2026, Frontiers; Decoupling bulk composition and alloying effects in Ni-Mo materials for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution at near-neutral pH, "Here, we examined commercial Ni-Mo powders with different nominal Ni:Mo ratios to assess how composition and mass loading influence HER performance. Despite differences in bulk Ni:Mo ratios, no significant variation in HER performance was observed at equal mass loadings. In contrast, increasing the electrocatalyst mass loading from 0.35 ± 0.04 to 1.30 ± 0.07 mg cm−2 consistently improved HER performance, decreasing the overpotential at −1 mA cm−2 from 463 ± 50 to 210 ± 9 mV, with an intermediate value of 367 ± 33 mV at a loading of 0.61 ± 0.02 mg cm−2. Comprehensive characterization by XRD, SEM, EDX, and XPS shows that the Ni-Mo powders are not true Ni-Mo alloys but rather physically mixed phases with notable Ni- and Mo-rich segregation. These results demonstrate that the bulk Ni:Mo ratio does not accurately reflect the catalytic structure and hence cannot be used alone to assess structure-function relationships for HER performance."
	1.11. 29 Sep 2026, Elsevier Electrochimica Acta; Adsorption-Controlled Formic Acid Oxidation Enables Low-Voltage Hydrogen Production in Acidic Water Electrolyzers, "We demonstrate that complete oxidation of organics – rather than partial upgrading – can serve as an energetically and mechanistically attractive anodic reaction when coupled to H2 production. An electrocatalytic system is developed to oxidize formic acid – a representative species in acidic wastewater that is typically processed without any energy reclamation – and lower the energy required to produce H2, achieving 80–85% selectivity toward CO₂ and H₂ and operating at voltages 36.5% lower than pure water electrolysis. We found that the Langmuirian adsorption of formic acid and resulting coverage of surface-bound formate directly control reaction selectivity. Formate-rich electrolytes at pH 4 and current densities around 10 mA/cm2 in cation exchange membrane electrolyzers establish a reaction microenvironment that mechanistically favors simultaneous CO2 and H2 formation."
	1.12. 28 Sep 2026, ACS Omega; Superhydrophobic Porous Coordination Polymer-Confined Co3O4 Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Strategy for Electrochemical Water Splitting, "We report three robust, cost-effective, and efficient post-synthetic nanoparticle-embedded metal–organic framework-based electrocatalysts, Co3O4@Zn2M2(μ2–OH)2(BTMB)2 (M = Zn (1), Co (2), and Ni (3)), for overall water splitting. The pristine frameworks, Zn2M2(μ2–OH)2(BTMB)2, were transformed from relatively low-conducting materials into conductive analogues through post-synthetic encapsulation of approximately 2.5–3.1 wt % Co3O4 nanoparticles via a sonochemical approach. Successful nanoparticle incorporation and preservation of framework integrity were confirmed by PXRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, EDX, ICP-OES, and TGA analyses. Notably, the Co3O4@MOF composites exhibited enhanced superhydrophobicity, displaying water contact angles of 162.41° (1), 166.42° (2), and 164.47° (3), compared to those of the corresponding pristine MOFs (155.5°, 159.3°, and 160.8°, respectively), which is one of the key steps for enhancing the electrochemical activity of this type of composite."
	1.13. 24 Sep 2026, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; High-efficiency hydrogen dehumidification in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) by twin-membrane dryer system, "This study proposes a compressor-free, zero-purge twin-membrane dryer system integrated with a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer. The system recycles generated dry oxygen as a sweep gas for both hollow-fiber dryers, maintaining a theoretical 100% hydrogen recovery rate (zero purge loss, with only negligible membrane permeation). The product hydrogen achieved an excellent baseline dew point of −51.0°C. Oxygen concentration evaluations in hydrogen gas confirmed that oxygen contamination originates from electrolyzer crossover rather than dryer diffusion. Furthermore, post-stage molecular sieve integration is predicted to maintain a low dew point below −70°C for three years without replacement of the molecular sieve, which minimizes energy and hydrogen losses."
	1.14. 23 Sep 2026, MDPI; One-Step Production of PEM Membranes with a Recombination Interlayer Using a Three-Layer Slot Die, "Using membranes with recombination catalyst layers in PEM water electrolyzers effectively reduces the formation of explosive gas mixtures. Slot die coating is an established method for producing such functional layer systems. This work demonstrates the fabrication of a recombination catalyst-containing membrane in a single step using a three-layer slot die. The membrane is made of an insulating ionomer layer on the top and bottom layer and an intermediate layer containing a recombination catalyst. Cell experiments confirm that the membrane effectively reduces hazardous H2 concentrations in the anode circuit of the PEM electrolysis cell. We aim to simplify the scalable production of thin, functional membranes for high-performance electrolysis using simultaneous multi-layer coating."
	1.15. 22 Sep 2026, Frontiers; Phenolic hydroxyl-functionalized covalent organic frameworks for efficient hydrogen evolution in alkaline media, "Here, we report TFPheMePh, a nitrogen-containing, hydroxyl-functionalized covalent organic framework synthesized via polycondensation, yielding a crystalline, porous material with a high BET surface area of 1309 m2 g-1. To maximise catalyst utilisation and facilitate efficient electron transport, the synthesized COF was drop-casted onto a three-dimensional dynamic hydrogen bubble template copper foam. Its interconnected porous architecture provides a highly conductive scaffold, enhanced electrolyte accessibility, and abundant exposed active sites, thereby facilitating water activation and HER. The resulting COF/DHBT-Cuf electrode delivers efficient HER activity in 1 M KOH, achieving an overpotential of 285 mV at 10 mA cm-2 with a Tafel slope of 263 mV dec−1."
	1.16. 19 Sep 2026, Nature Communications Materials; Non-N-substituted crosslinked polybenzimidazole membranes for durable alkaline electrolysis, "We report a non-N-substituted PBI-crosslinked membrane prepared using benzoxazine as a crosslinker. An electrolyzer cell employing the membrane with 20 wt.% crosslinker exhibited enhanced cell performance in 10 wt.% KOH solution at 60 °C compared to that shown by the pristine m-PBI-based cell, while maintaining the hydrogen crossover below 1% across the current density range of 0.3–1.2 A cm−2. Furthermore, the cell employing the crosslinked m-PBI membrane exhibited stable operation for over 1900 h, with hydrogen crossover remaining below 4% throughout the test. Notably, the increase rate of hydrogen crossover in the crosslinked membrane-based cell decreased nearly fourfold compared to that of the pristine m-PBI-based cell, demonstrating the effectiveness of crosslinking in enhancing cell durability."
	1.17. 18 Sep 2026, Nature NPJ Computational Materials; Quantum-inspired inverse design of heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction, "We introduce a quantum-inspired generative framework for discovering catalytic materials for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). Inspired by variational quantum circuits (VQCs), which outperform classical models in certain tasks, we hypothesized that the norm-conserving property of VQCs plays a key role in materials representation and optimization. Thus, we incorporated orthogonal transformations into the classical generative model to maintain latent space structure and enhance materials discovery. With additional data through transfer learning, the classical model with orthogonal transformations becomes useful. Our results provide practical guidelines for applying quantum machine learning to materials discovery and suggest the potential of quantum-inspired generative models to explore previously inaccessible chemical spaces."
	1.18. 15 Sep 2026, Nature Scientific Reports; Interface-driven electrocatalytic activity of NiFe-LDH on MnO2-modified SWCNT hierarchical nanostructures for overall water splitting, "Herein, a hierarchical NiFe layered double hydroxide integrated with MnO2 nanorods and single-walled carbon nanotubes was synthesized to enhance bifunctional catalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction. The synergistic coupling between Ni and Fe promotes high-valent Ni active sites that facilitate OH⁻ adsorption and accelerate OER kinetics, whereas synergistic adsorption of H2 and hydroxyl intermediates facilitates improved HER performance. The incorporation of multivalent MnO2 introduces redox-active centers that enhance electron transfer and intermediate formation, whereas the conductive SWCNT framework provides rapid charge transport and increased electrochemically active surface area. Among the synthesized catalysts, NiFe-LDH@3-MnO2/SWCNT exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance, with low overpotentials of 206 mV for OER and 198 mV for HER at 10 mA cm-2 with a small OER Tafel slope of 33 mV dec-1."
	1.19. 15 Sep 2026, Elsevier Journal of Organometallic Chemistry; How changes in tunable alkyl aryl ionic liquids impact the synthesis of platinum nanoparticles to catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction, "This study compares different tunable alkyl aryl ionic liquids (TAAILs) with NTf2 as anion for their usage as solvent in nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. TAAILs are ionic liquids (ILs) with a 1-aryl-3-alkylimidazolium cation. Changes in both alkyl chain length and aryl substitution pattern are investigated for the synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs) with respect to the NP’s size and catalytic activity. The NPs were supported in situ on the commercially available carbon material Vulcan to prevent aggregation and increase the electric conductivity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed the successful synthesis of NPs with a size of 2–9 nm and very low agglomeration in a microwave reaction after only 10 min at 200 °C. To determine the catalytic activity of Pt-NPs, the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution (HER) was selected."
	1.20. 13 Sep 2026, ACS Omega; Electrochemically Activated Tetra-Metallic Phosphate (Mn–Fe–Co–Ni) Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) in Alkaline Media, "In this work, tetrametallic phosphate CoNiFeMn(PO4) microparticles were synthesized using a simple and cost-effective precipitation method with thermal annealing. These microflakes exhibit an average length and width of 4.14 and 1.21 μm, respectively. An electrochemical activation of the catalyst was done by cyclic voltammetry between 1.05 and 1.50 V vs RHE at a scan rate of 10 mV/s in 0.1 M KOH. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis after activation revealed a decrease in the atomic percentage of P from 7.3% to 2.7% and a concomitant increase in O from 74.8% to 78.0%, while the formation of cobalt species with coexisting Co2+ and Co3+ oxidation states, consistent with Co2O3, was observed at a lower scan rate (10 mV s–1)."

► R2. PROD: Bio / Hydro, Pyro, Radiolysis / Solar (20)

	2.1. 19 Oct 2026, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering; Hydrogen Production from Zero-Valent Iron in Anaerobic Bicarbonate-Rich Media: The Role of Low-Dose Scrap Aluminum "Hydrogen (H2) production from zero-valent iron (ZVI) in bicarbonate-rich media is a promising low-temperature route, although progressive surface passivation remains a limitation. The influence of ZVI concentration (10–50 g/L), scrap aluminum (Al) addition, temperature (4–80 °C), sodium bicarbonate concentration (0–70 g/L NaHCO3), multi-cycle operation, and manual grinding was evaluated under anaerobic conditions. Temperature strongly affected kinetics, with an apparent activation energy of ∼30.8 kJ/mol for the ZVI–Al–bicarbonate system. The highest overall H2 yield approached 50% in the ZVI–Al system at 80 °C, substantially exceeding the yields obtained at lower temperature and in the absence of Al. Bicarbonate, especially above 30 g/L NaHCO3, played a critical role by sustaining proton availability through the bicarbonate/carbonate equilibrium and thereby promoting Fe corrosion and H2 evolution."
	2.2. 16 Oct 2026, Wiley Advanced Materials; From Dark Photocatalysis to Photobattery-Type Operation: A Re-Functionalized Ti-MOF for Solar Energy Storage "Here, we report a Ti-based bipyridine MOF, COK47-bpy, and its ReCl(CO)3-functionalized analogue, ReCl47-bpy, as photochargeable materials for time-decoupled solar energy utilization. Re incorporation introduces localized photosensitizing and “electron sink” sites while preserving the parent framework structure, enabling visible-light response, faster charge accumulation, and improved charge retention. In colloidal suspension, ReCl47-bpy reaches an electron storage capacity of 19.5 C g−1MOF under simulated solar irradiation and retains about 70% of the stored charge after 2.5 months. The stored electrons can be released on demand for dark hydrogen (H2) evolution with electron-to-H2 efficiencies exceeding 90%. Beyond colloids, when fabricated as robust FTO-supported layers, ReCl47-bpy\|FTO photoelectrodes deliver capacities of up to ∼7.0 mAh g−1MOF upon photocharging under 1 Sun irradiation."
	2.3. 15 Oct 2026, ACS Omega; Toward More Cost-Effective Hydrogen Production: Magnetron-Sputtered Ni- and Co-Based CeO2 Catalysts at Ultralow Metal Loading "In this work, we investigate mono- and bimetallic Ni- and Co-based catalysts supported on nanocrystalline CeO2, prepared by magnetron sputtering with different deposition sequences. Comprehensive characterization by XRD, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), STEM-EDS, H2 chemisorption, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to correlate structural and electronic properties with ESR performance. We show that the sequential deposition of Co followed by Ni (Ni–Co/CeO2) yields superior resistance to carbon accumulation and enhanced hydrogen selectivity over 28 h of reaction, outperforming both monometallic and other bimetallic configurations. Thus, we could establish the deposition sequence as a critical design parameter for engineering and catalyst optimization in ESR, offering valuable insights into the development of efficient and durable hydrogen production systems."
	2.4. 09 Oct 2026, Wiley Advanced Materials; Charge Storage and Dark Photocatalysis in Multivariate Ti-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks "This study advances design principles for dark photocatalysis by integrating two linkers with complementary light-interaction roles in a multivariate COK-47 series. Varying the ratio between biphenyl dicarboxylate and bipyridine dicarboxylate linker shows that under continuous irradiation, COK-47biph is the most photocatalytically active member, surpassing COK-47bipy by threefold. In contrast, COK-47bipy exhibits an eightfold increase in photocharging capacity, revealed by a multispectroscopic approach, evidencing the formation of Ti3+ and reduced linker species as storage unit. The stored charges drive methyl viologen (MV) reduction and H2 evolution in the dark. Notably, the mixed-linker material COK-4750-50 combines both advantages, delivering near-maximal H2 production under illumination while retaining substantial charge storage capability, achieving the highest MV reduction activity and second-highest dark H2 evolution in the series."
	2.5. 09 Oct 2026, SSRN; BiOI/NiFe Z-scheme heterojunction photoanode with enhanced photoelectrocatalytic performance for tetracycline degradation, bacterial disinfection, and simultaneous hydrogen evolution "In this study, a BiOI/NiFe electrode was fabricated on nickel (Ni) foam as a photoanode via hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, aiming to improve its photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) performance. A series of comprehensive characterizations and performance tests were conducted in order to systematically investigate the chemical composition, crystal structure, optical properties, and photoelectrochemical behaviors of the BiOI/NiFe electrodes. The as-prepared BiOI/NiFe photoanode exhibited excellent PEC activity, with tetracycline (TC) degradation efficiency at the anode and hydrogen evolution efficiency at the cathode reaching 99.1% and 83.64 μmol cm-², respectively. Furthermore, the composite electrode displayed satisfactory sterilization performance, achieving 99.9% inactivation of E. coli within 40 min. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the enhanced PEC performance was attributed to the formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction between BiOI and NiFe-LDH."
	2.6. 08 Oct 2026, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Coupling microalgal bioremediation of recirculating aquaculture effluents with photobiological hydrogen production "In this study, we demonstrate that the nitrate-utilizing C. reinhardtii strain CC-1690 efficiently removes nitrate and phosphate present in RAS effluents, unlike standard H2-producing strains (CC-124, T222+, pgr5) which lack this capability. Following nutrient removal, H2 production was induced directly in the effluent using the anaerobiosis-induced photoautotrophic protocol. Although H2 yields were slightly lower compared to those in standard algal media, substantial production was obtained. Furthermore, despite the observed stress responses, the biomass quality was preserved, supporting downstream valorisation. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of integrating microalgal bioremediation of RAS effluents with photobiological H2 production using a nitrate-assimilating C. reinhardtii strain."
	2.7. 02 Oct 2026, ACS Artificial Photosynthesis; Plasmonic Nature of the “Blue State” in the WO3 Photoelectrode: Carrier Dynamics and Its Impact on Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation "We demonstrate, using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, that photoexcitation of the blue state of WO3, generated either by oxygen vacancies or by electron injection, exhibits characteristic two-phase decays more consistent with the photophysical behavior of plasmonic excitation than with the previously proposed sub-bandgap transition relaxation mechanism. More importantly, excitation of the “blue state” produces no detectable photocurrent while its presence significantly suppresses the photocurrent generated by the interband transitions of WO3. Therefore, although there is great enhancement of light absorption, the “blue state” of WO3 severely impairs its charge-carrier dynamics and photoelectrochemical performance. These results call for a re-evaluation of the understanding of carrier dynamics in WO3 photoanodes and reveal the key limitation that should be considered when designing these materials utilizing the heavily doping strategies."
	2.8. 30 Sep 2026, SSRN; Silicon Waste-Derived S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution "We successfully construct an S-scheme heterojunction composite photocatalyst (α-Fe₂O₃/PSi/SiNSs) through simple and feasible metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) and hydrothermal methods. The results indicate that MACE etching significantly increased the material's specific surface area from 33.391 m²/g to 42.485 m²/g, representing a 27.2% increase, and widened the bandgap from 1.1 eV to 1.27 eV. The prepared 7 wt%-α-Fe₂O₃/PSi/SiNSs composite exhibited excellent visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution performance, achieving a total hydrogen production of 47.9 mmol·g⁻¹ over 6 h and an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 14.72%. The formation of the S-scheme heterojunction effectively promoted the separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers, serving as the primary mechanism for enhanced catalytic activity. This study provides new insights for the high-value utilization of silicon waste and offers a reference for the design of high-efficiency photocatalytic hydrogen evolution materials."
	2.9. 28 Sep 2026, SSRN; Co-production of hydrogen-rich gaseous product and porous nitrogen-doped biochar via plasma-coupled pyrolysis: Parameter effects and potassium-mediated mechanism "Herein, a dielectric barrier discharge plasma-coupled pyrolysis system integrating KOH activation and NH3-mediated nitridation was developed to achieve one-pot co-production of H2-rich gaseous product and nitrogen-doped porous biochar from bamboo. Reaction temperature and discharge voltage exerted distinct non-monotonic effects on product distribution and biochar properties. Increasing temperature shifted product selectivity toward the gas phase, yielding a maximum H2 yield of 103.3 mmol·g-1 at 750 °C, whereas optimal biochar was obtained at 700 °C and 50 V, featuring a specific surface area of 1543.00 m2·g-1 and a surface nitrogen content of 8.45 at.%. Combined XRD, XPS, and DFT analyses identified potassium cyanate as the key potassium-bearing intermediate and revealed a potassium-mediated dual gas-solid nitrogen doping mechanism. In this pathway, CO2 served as an oxygen carrier driving interfacial cyclic reactions, accounting for the experimentally observed suppression of CO2 release."
	2.10. 28 Sep 2026, Springer Nature; Pickering-enabled ice-templated self-floating photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution "Here, we present a Pickering emulsion-enabled ice-templating strategy for fabricating a self-floating porous poly(3-hexylthiophene)/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot sponge. N-GQDs serve as multifunctional interfacial components: stabilizing water-in-chloroform emulsion droplets, preserving the droplet templates during freezing, and forming a charge-separating p-n heterojunction with P3HT. Freeze-drying converts the frozen emulsion into a hierarchically porous sponge with interconnected spherical cavities, enabling enhanced light harvesting through multiple internal scattering and stable partial submersion at the air–water interface. Under simulated solar illumination, the P3HT/N-GQDs sponge achieves a hydrogen evolution rate of 7.16 mmol g−1 h−1, a 3.14-fold enhancement over the pristine P3HT sponge (2.28 mmol g−1 h−1), driven by synergistic structural and electronic contributions of the porous architecture and the p-n heterojunction."
	2.11. 28 Sep 2026, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering; Metal-Free Hydrogen Generation from Crude Industrial Glycerol and Polymeric Silicon Waste "Here, we describe a novel approach for H2 generation achieved by combining crude, unrefined glycerol from industrial biodiesel production as well as polymeric silicon waste. Notably, our method that relies on silane alcoholysis, works without any added transition metal catalyst and ultimately even without added co-solvent. Crucially, the practical industrial feasibility of this process was demonstrated through a solvent-free and catalyst-free scale-up (104 g), which yielded up to 5.8 L of highly pure H2 gas within 30 min. Furthermore, rigorous isotopic labeling studies combined with 1H NMR headspace gas analysis quantified the complex waste reactivity, definitively revealing that 59 ± 11% of the generated H2 originates directly from the glycerol backbone, while the remaining 41 ± 11% is contributed by reactive methanol and water impurities inherent to the industrial waste stream."
	2.12. 26 Sep 2026, ACS; Linking Oxygen Evolution Selectivity to Water Oxidation Reaction Order on Hematite Photoanodes by Operando Photoelectrochemical Mass Spectrometry "Here, we address this challenge by undertaking operando photoelectrochemical mass-spectrometry (PEC-MS) on α-Fe2O3 photoanodes, which enables direct, real-time quantification of molecular O2 with pmol·s–1 sensitivity under operating photoelectrochemical conditions, (15) while preserving optical access, electrochemical control, and illumination of the photoelectrode (Figure 1a). By combining this new PEC-MS capability with spectroscopic measurements of surface-hole accumulation, we correlate FE with independently determined hole-density rate laws, establishing a direct experimental link between surface charge accumulation, reaction order, and molecular oxygen formation under both photoelectrochemical and electrochemical conditions."
	2.13. 23 Sep 2026, ACS Artificial Photosynthesis; Pt(II)-Terpyridyl-Based Photocatalysts for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction "Here a handful of Pt(II) square-planar complexes, such as [Pt(II)(tpy)Cl]+ (where tpy = 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine) have been reported in the literature for proton reduction, albeit with low turnover numbers and a tendency to decompose to Pt nanoparticles. With these facts in mind, two Pt(II) terpyridyl complexes with varying electron densities were synthesized, structurally characterized, and successfully used for photocatalytic H2 production under different conditions (Pt catalyst + Ru photosensitizer, Co catalyst + Pt photosensitizer, and Pt photosensitizer + Pt catalyst) under varying light illumination. These complexes were found to be active for hydrogen production without the formation of nanoparticles, and a maximum turnover number of 1340 and a turnover frequency above 10000 for the combination of a Pt-complex as a catalyst and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as a photosensitizer was achieved."
	2.14. 14 Sep 2026, Elsevier Energy Conversion and Management; Techno-economic assessment of hybrid solar spectral-splitting PV–thermal green hydrogen production systems "This study presents a comprehensive techno-economic assessment of a spectral-splitting photovoltaic-thermal hydrogen system across diverse climatic zones in Karlsruhe, Barcelona, Cairo and Dunhuang. By integrating optical-thermal simulations with an economic model, the analysis quantifies the impact of geography and tracking strategies on techno-economic performance. Results demonstrate a peak annual solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of around 20 % in high-irradiance regions like Cairo; specifically, while Cairo achieved the highest summer production yields, Dunhuang exhibited a unique profile that mitigates seasonal fluctuations, resulting in comparatively uniform hydrogen production throughout the year. The comparative analysis demonstrates that the substantial gain in hydrogen yield from dual axis tracking outweighs the incremental hardware costs."
	2.15. 13 Sep 2026, SSRN; Zn2+-doped Ni(OH)2 decorated ZnIn2S4 synchronously reinforcing hole and electron dynamics for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution "Herein，Zn2+ doped Ni(OH)2 (denoted as ZNO) was uniformly loaded onto the ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) via ethanol-assisted physical grinding strategy, yielding the ZNO/ZIS composite photocatalyst. The ZNO/ZIS exhibits remarkably enhanced hydrogen evolution activity in a sacrificial system upon visible-light illumination (Xe lamp) with a rate of 7.11 mmol·g-1·h-1, which is 8.6 and 1.9 times that of pristine ZIS and NO/ZIS, respectively. The apparent quantum yield reaches as high as 61.5% at 420 nm. ZNO/ZIS is also capable of sustained H2 production in a pure-water system upon real sunlight. Zn doping elevates the electron density surrounding Ni²⁺ ions, which renders Ni2⁺ more susceptible to being reduced to metallic Ni0 by the photo electrons of ZIS."
	2.16. 12 Sep 2026, MDPI; Optimal Scheduling of an Off-Grid Wind–Photovoltaic Liquid Hydrogen Production System with Fixed Daily Output "This study develops a 24 h mixed-integer linear programming model for an off-grid wind–photovoltaic liquid hydrogen production system with fixed daily output. The system includes wind turbines, photovoltaic arrays, an electrolyzer, a high-pressure gaseous hydrogen unit, a hydrogen fuel cell, a Claude-cycle liquefaction unit, and a liquid hydrogen tank. The model guarantees a daily liquid hydrogen output of 5000 kg through a terminal inventory constraint and minimizes unmet external electric load, renewable curtailment, and hydrogen purchase. Case studies with different renewable generation profiles compare output guarantee, load supply, renewable utilization, hydrogen purchase, and storage behavior."
	2.17. 10 Sep 2026, Springer Nature; Microwave assisted fuel effects on the physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of CoFe₂O₄ for hydrogen evolution and removal of oxytetracycline "Here, the effects of fuels on the structural, optical, magnetic, and photocatalytic properties of cobalt ferrite were investigated by employing urea and L-arginine as fuel sources. The samples, denoted as CF-U and CF-L, exhibit distinct physicochemical characteristics arising from differences in fuel decomposition behaviour. BET analyses reveal that CF-U possesses a higher surface area (28.668 m2 g−1) compared to CF-L (11.872 m2 g−1). UV–Vis indicates that both samples absorb in the visible-light region; however, photoluminescence measurements confirm a reduced electron–hole recombination rate for CF-U. Magnetic measurements show enhanced saturation magnetization for CF-U (42 emu g−1) relative to CF-L (36 emu g−1), attributed to improved crystallinity and cation distribution."
	2.18. 10 Sep 2026, Elsevier Energy Reports; Bio-inspired AI-driven slime mould algorithm-based multi-objective optimization of a PV-battery-electrolyzer system for green hydrogen production "This paper presents a robust multi-objective optimization framework based on the Slime Mould Algorithm (SMA) for a stand-alone PV–Battery–Electrolyzer system targeting green hydrogen production. Utilizing real-world solar generation profiles from the Bursa Technical University Smart Grid Laboratory, the study simultaneously maximizes green hydrogen yield and minimizes energy waste under stochastic weather conditions across six distinct meteorological scenarios encompassing summer and winter seasons under sunny, cloudy, and rainy conditions. The proposed SMA-based energy management framework achieves a peak daily hydrogen production of 58.84 kg with an average system efficiency of 94.28%, while maintaining near-perfect solar utilization even during highly volatile periods."
	2.19. 08 Sep 2026, MDPI; Plasma-Engineered Oxynitride Thin Films for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting "This study conducts a systematic critical assessment of the peer-reviewed literature (2010–2025) on plasma-engineered oxynitride thin films for solar water splitting. Unlike conventional narrative reviews, this assessment employs a structured analytical framework to extract, synthesize, and critically evaluate evidence, combining qualitative thematic analysis with quantitative synthesis to reveal multi-dimensional correlations between plasma parameters, material properties, and PEC performance indicators. The framework is designed to generate mechanistic insights and predictive capability from existing data, rather than merely cataloging published results."
	2.20. 07 Sep 2026, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; The role of the support in catalyzing the gas-phase H2 production onto Pd-C3N4/TiO2 assisted by light "In this work, Pd-loaded TiO2/C3N4 composites were prepared to investigate the complementary role of both semiconductors under photothermal conditions. The results show that C3N4 is mainly responsible for the photocatalytic contribution, improving visible-light absorption and enhancing H2 production from methanol and water under illumination. The catalyst containing 10 wt% C3N4 in TiO2 reached the highest light-induced H2 production rate of 7.2 mmol·gCAT−1·h−1, confirming its superior photoactive properties. In contrast, TiO2 provides higher thermocatalytic activity, favoring H2 production under thermal conditions. STEM-EDX and XPS analyses revealed support-dependent Pd distributions and metal-support interactions. In the composite, Pd preferentially localized at the C3N4/TiO2 interface, while XPS indicated stronger Pd-C3N4 interactions, helping to explain the different catalytic behaviors."

► R3. PROD: Geologic / Natural Hydrogen (20)

	3.1. 18 Oct 2026, Nature Scientific Reports; Interfacial control and evaporation pinning of nanocapillary filling from ambient to serpentinization temperatures, "Here we show, using a coupled flow model based on classical density functional theory combining hydrodynamics, electrokinetics and capillarity, that electrokinetic resistance and locally elevated viscosity near the channel walls jointly suppress flow, capturing the measured slowdown across independent experiments. At higher temperatures relevant to serpentinization (around 200 degrees Celsius), the model predicts a regime of evaporation-driven pinning: once relative humidity falls below saturation, classical capillary scaling breaks down and evaporation, orders of magnitude faster than at ambient conditions, balances capillary inflow and pins the meniscus inside the channel. Depending on wettability, humidity and channel length, transport may continue through thin liquid films and vapor migration. These predictions await experimental testing but identify a high-temperature flow regime, to our knowledge not previously described in nanochannels, relevant to nanodevice design, subsurface fluid modeling, and geologic H2 generation."
	3.2. 16 Oct 2026, Elsevier Journal of CO2 Utilization; Simultaneous CO₂ mineralisation and hydrogen generation via siderophore-enhanced olivine reactivity at low temperature, "We investigate the effect of desferrioxamine B, a trihydroxamate siderophore, on CO₂ mineralisation efficiency and H2 generation from peridotite at low temperature (60 °C). Batch experiments are conducted under CO₂ pressures of 1, 5, and 8 MPa with DFOB concentrations of 0–200 µM over 48 h. Products are characterised using TGA, FTIR, XRD, XRF, ICP-OES and UV–vis. Results show that carbonation efficiency increases with DFOB concentration, reaching ~4.4% at 200 µM and 8 MPa, compared to ~1.05% without DFOB. Hydrogen generation peaks at 0.72 µmol g⁻¹ olivine at 200 µM and 1 MPa but declines to 0.44 µmol g⁻¹ at 8 MPa, indicating that elevated CO₂ pressure favours carbonation at the expense of hydrogen generation. ICP–OES showed that total dissolved Fe decreased from 10.3 to 4.4mg L⁻¹ between 1 and 8 MPa, while UV–Vis analysis showed a corresponding decrease in the Fe(III)–DFOB signal."
	3.3. 07 Oct 2026, ACS Omega; Comparative Study of Hydrogen Yield from Organic-Rich Lithologies: Implications for Sustainable Energy, "This study investigates the hydrogen generation potential of selected organic-rich rock samples through pyrolysis experiments conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. The samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), while the evolved gases were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Hydrogen yields ranged from 0.22 to 0.71 mg/g rock, with TOC-normalized yields between 4.2 and 29.4 mg/g TOC for all of the samples. Shale exhibited the highest hydrogen index (HI) of 885 mgHC/gTOC and contained type II kerogen, while coal, despite its high TOC of about 30.71%, produced lesser hydrogen gas with an HI of 387 mgHC/gTOC. TGA and FTIR analyses confirmed the progressive decomposition of organic functional groups associated with the release of hydrogen-rich gases."
	3.4. 29 Sep 2026, Frontiers; Geological framework for natural hydrogen generation in the Jeju basin and Hupijiao Rise, Northern East China Sea, "This study presents a first-order assessment of natural hydrogen prospectivity of the Jeju Basin and Hupijiao Rise in the Northern East China Sea Shelf Basin by integrating seismic, wireline logs, and geochemical data. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based fault detection was applied to 3D seismic volumes to delineate basement-involved faults and igneous intrusions, while wireline logs and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data from exploration wells were analyzed to evaluate reservoir conditions and thermal maturity. The analysis reveals NNE-SSW striking basement-involved faults and widespread igneous intrusions forming potential migration pathways. Rock-Eval pyrolysis indicates localized overmaturation in Well A with Tmax exceeding 460 °C and Hydrogen Index values dropping below 50~mg/g TOC, and kerogen hydrogen contents of 2–3 wt% suggest initial structural dehydrogenation tied to a regional heat flow of 78~mW/m2."
	3.5. 25 Sep 2026, MDPI; H2 Detector Responses and Mineralogical Changes During Hydrothermal Treatment of Magnetite-Bearing Banded Iron Formations, "This study investigates the hydrothermal reactivity of natural magnetite-bearing BIFs over a controlled experimental temperature range. Hydrothermal experiments were conducted at 150, 200, and 230 °C using natural BIF samples with varying proportions of constituent minerals and a magnetite-rich reference material, and the resulting H2 detector responses were evaluated together with mineralogical and morphological changes. Specifically, this study aims to (1) determine whether natural magnetite-bearing BIFs exhibit measurable H2 detector responses during hydrothermal water–rock interaction and evaluate how these responses vary with reaction temperature; (2) examine the relationship between initial mineral abundances, particularly magnetite abundance, and the observed H2 detector responses; and (3) characterize the mineralogical and morphological changes accompanying the observed H2 detector responses, with particular emphasis on magnetite oxidation,"
	3.6. 04 Sep 2026, CSIRO; Iron-rich rocks in Western Australia could potentially generate orange hydrogen while permanently storing carbon dioxide, creating a unique opportunity to support Australia's journey to net zero., "Australia is particularly well placed to investigate this opportunity because large areas of the continent contain the types of rocks needed for these reactions. The Yilgarn Craton, stretching across south central Western Australian and named after a local Indigenous word meaning ‘white stone’ or ‘quartz,’ is one such region. This geologic block has survived aeons of tectonic movements largely intact and contains some of Earth’s oldest crust - including zircon crystals dating back four billion plus years. Forming the geological foundation of much of Western Australia today, it contains extensive deposits of iron-rich and magnesium-rich rocks that may be suitable for stimulated hydrogen generation."
	3.7. 01 Sep 2026, Frontiers; Experiments and geochemical modeling of hydrogen generation during water–rock reactions: effects of mineralogy and physicochemical conditions, "This study investigates how mineral composition, temperature, pressure, and initial pH influence hydrogen generation during hydrothermal water-rock reactions, using laboratory experiments and reactive-transport/thermodynamic simulations. Three novel contributions are made: a controlled experimental dataset isolating the effect of fayalite-to-forsterite ratio on hydrogen yield; a geochemical model combining thermodynamic equilibrium with Arrhenius kinetics, validated against experiments and used to explore conditions beyond the tested range; and an extension to core-scale flow-through experiments demonstrating that transport processes in fractured rock fundamentally alter hydrogen generation behavior relative to powdered-sample systems."
	3.8. 24 Aug 2026, MDPI; How to Select Areas for Natural H2 Exploration? A Case Study in Western Colombia, "This study introduces a novel tool that integrates surface and subsurface constraints to rank prospective exploration areas, enabling companies to identify opportunities aligned with their specific corporate profiles or business plans. The methodology is applied to western Colombia, a region characterized by many surface constraints and known H2-generating source rocks; H2 surface emanations have also been documented. Western Colombia is structurally divided by north–south mountain ranges (Cordilleras) that severely hinder east–west transportation and contribute to regional energy insecurity. Using a comprehensive data compilation, this study demonstrates how applying different weighting schemes to diverse geographical and geological parameters can optimize site selection. The Medellín area ranks highest if the target is the industrial market."
	3.9. 20 Aug 2026, MIT; The next big thing could be Hydrogen underground - is this the 21st century gold rush?, "H2 can be used as a fuel in everything from large trucks to planes to steelmaking. It’s often hailed as a climate solution because when burned, it produces water and oxygen — none of the carbon emissions that contribute to climate change. Here, freelance reporter James Dineen took a look at the 21st-century gold rush for naturally occurring H2 gas and is overwhelmingly made using fossil fuels, generally natural gas. And most of it is used in petroleum refining or goes on to make fertilizer and other chemicals. But in recent years, many in the climate world have imagined a future where its production is clean too. The team has found a way to stimulate hydrogen production by injecting a solution into banded iron formations, significantly increasing the potential to harness this naturally occurring resource."
	3.10. 12 Aug 2026, Edith Cowan University; Green hydrogen goldmine: ECU researchers discover hidden energy source, "A new study has revealed a way to generate naturally occurring hydrogen that ECU experts say could help power Australia's future - and create a major export industry. The breakthrough centres on magnetite, a mineral found in Western Australia’s vast iron ore deposits throughout the Pilbara region. ECU School of Engineering researchers have discovered that when magnetite reacts with hot water deep underground, it can generate hydrogen gas."
	3.11. 10 Aug 2026, Geoscience Australia; Australia's Energy Commodity Resources 2026: Hydrogen Statistics as of December 2025; natural hydrogen resources, "Australia’s hydrogen sector continues to make progress. The 2024 National Hydrogen Strategy outlines targets and 34 strategic actions, including developing and deploying national legislation (e.g. Hydrogen Production Tax Incentive, Future Made in Australia and Guarantee of Origin certification scheme), program funding (e.g. Hydrogen Headstart and Future Made in Australia Innovation Fund and First Nations Renewable Hydrogen Engagement Fund) and a variety of other mechanisms. As of December 2025, there were 76 hydrogen projects in Australia, representing around $160-$200 billion of potential investment. Australia is widely regarded as having strong global hydrogen export potential, but it is currently transitioning from planning to execution. Australia's strength lies in low-cost renewable resources, land availability and export partnerships."
	3.12. 26 Jul 2026, Elsevier Earth and Planetary Science Letters; Experiments and thermodynamic modelling on Fe-FeH phase diagram under high pressures: Implications for Earth’s core composition and temperature, "Hydrogen may be one of the major light elements in the metallic cores of terrestrial planets, and the Fe-FeH phase diagram is of great importance to understand core composition and temperature. However, since metallic iron incorporates negligible amounts of hydrogen at ambient pressure, the study of the Fe-FeH system has been limited. Here we obtained the Fe-FeH phase diagram under high pressures to 330 GPa corresponding to Earth’s inner core boundary conditions, based on a combination of high-pressure experiments and thermodynamic modelling. Both melting and subsolidus experiments were carried out up to 130 GPa and 4200 K in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell combined with in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. We then developed a thermodynamic model based on the present and earlier experiments on the Fe-FeH system including Fe- and FeH-endmembers."
	3.13. 21 Jul 2026, PHYS.ORG; Geophysics brings clarity to the potential of natural hydrogen, "Geophysics makes production-rate estimates more robust. Because serpentinization takes place deep underground, it cannot be observed directly. This is where geophysics comes in. Using gravity, magnetic and seismic data, the team reconstructed the distribution, volume, temperature and degree of alteration of the mantle rocks in three dimensions. The geophysical models were then coupled with thermodynamic and kinetic calculations of fluid-rock reactions. Rather than estimating theoretical maximum potential, the study models the actual rates at which hydrogen is generated under real geological conditions, while accounting for physical and chemical constraints that previous studies largely overlooked. The result is a more realistic and actionable picture of natural hydrogen as a resource."
	3.14. 15 Jul 2026, MDPI; Numerical Simulation of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Natural Hydrogen-Bearing Sandstone Reservoirs, "This study develops a pore−network and random−walk simulation framework to analyze hydrogen and methane responses in hydrogen−rich sandstones. The model couples pore structure, fluid properties, magnetic−field gradients, and acquisition parameters. Transverse relaxation time (T2) spectra are inverted with Tikhonov regularization and generalized cross–validation. The effects of waiting time (TW), echo time (TE), pore size, gradient strength, and burial depth are quantified. Results show clear T2 separation among water, oil, methane, and hydrogen. Dual−TW difference spectra improve fluid discrimination, and hydrogen shows the strongest TW sensitivity. TW mainly controls amplitude, while TE and gradient mainly control diffusion attenuation."
	3.15. 29 Jun 2026, Lyell Geoenergy; Natural hydrogen in Europe: a continental-scale geological prospectivity assessment, "Here we present the first Europe-wide natural hydrogen prospectivity map, integrating geological indicators of hydrogen generation (serpentinization, radiolysis and deep sources), reservoir quality and sealing capacity. To quantify geological uncertainty, Monte Carlo simulations were used to generate conservative, median and optimistic prospectivity scenarios. Our results highlight significant high-potential regions (prospectivity >0.8, ∼200 000 km2), particularly in Hungary, Denmark, Poland and Serbia, with model predictions consistent with many known natural hydrogen occurrences. This work identifies priority regions for exploration and offers first-order resource estimates that can inform Europe's hydrogen strategy."
	3.16. 11 Jun 2026, Nature Communications; Controls on natural hydrogen generation during serpentinization of mantle rocks, "Here, we constrain the possible hydrogen generation rates in two distinct mantle rock types, the fertile lherzolites of the Western Pyrenees and the depleted harzburgites of Northern California, to relatively low rates of ~0.1 to ~0.5 tonnes H₂ yr⁻¹ km⁻³ of reactive rock. When integrated over the full reactive volumes, this corresponds to total production rates of ~300 to ~600 tonnes H₂ yr⁻¹. By combining three-dimensional geophysical inversion with numerical modelling of fluid-rock processes, we show that hydrogen generation rates are mainly limited by H₂ saturation in the fluid and reaction kinetics."
	3.17. 10 Jun 2026, Iowa State University; Hydrogen from deep under Iowa? State universities can help build a hydrogen economy, "Companies are drilling exploratory wells to look for geologic hydrogen thousands of feet below Iowa's surface. A rift developed deep in the Earth, magma came up and tried to split the continent apart, said Elizabeth Swanner, a professor of Earth, atmosphere and climate at Iowa State University. This happened about a billion years ago in what is now Iowa, spreading from Kansas and Nebraska, then up and around Minnesota and Michigan."
	3.18. 27 May 2026, Springer Nature; Integrated multispectral remote sensing and soil-gas measurements for exploring natural hydrogen near the Kempirsai ultramafic massif, western Kazakhstan, "This study focuses on the north–central Aktobe region of western Kazakhstan, along the margin of the Kempirsai ultramafic massif, where extensive serpentinized ultramafic rocks favor hydrogen-related redox processes. A multi-proxy remote-sensing approach is integrated with soil-gas measurements, and petrographic and geochemical data to identify surface anomalies and propose hydrogen sources and migration pathways. At the regional scale, spectral indices consistently align with lithological boundaries, suggesting strong lithological and structural control over the distribution of surface anomalies. Focused analysis of the Bogestay–Kenoy area reveals clustered moisture, redox, salinity, vegetation, and thermal anomalies associated with sub-circular surface depressions where soil-gas surveys record hydrogen concentrations exceeding background levels and locally surpassing 50 ppm."
	3.19. 20 May 2026, ArXiv; Microwave-Stimulated Serpentinization of Olivine for Geological Hydrogen Production, "Microwave irradiation produced a rapid increase in measured hydrogen concentration compared with conventional hot-plate heating under otherwise similar conditions. The preliminary experiment showed approximately a 12-fold increase in hydrogen concentration and an apparent rate increase from about 2 ppb s−1 for conventional heating to about 10 ppb s−1 during microwave exposure. These results suggest that electromagnetic stimulation can enhance serpentinization kinetics, likely through rapid volumetric heating, selective coupling to iron-bearing phases, and localized thermal gradients."
	3.20. 25 Apr 2026, Elsevier Fuel; Natural hydrogen migration and trapping in the Bulqizë ophiolitic massif (Albania), "This study presents the first integrated reservoir-scale characterization of a natural H2 system in an ophiolite, combining mineralogical, petrophysical, and structural analyses across surface outcrops and underground workings. The aim is to evaluate whether the Bulqizë massif can function as a geological reservoir capable of storing substantial volumes of natural H2."

► R4. FUEL CELL: AEMFC / MCFC / SOFC (20)

	4.1. 16 Oct 2026, MDPI; Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of an Automotive PEMFC System Considering Anode Recirculation Loop Bleeding, "This work presents a Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller (NMPC) strategy for the optimal operation of a fuel cell system to maximize its average efficiency and minimize degradation. Because of the different time scales associated with the different controlled variables, the proposed NMPC is divided into three distinct parts, each one customized with its specific prediction horizon and sampling time. The NMPC is based on a comprehensive model of the fuel cell stack, considering manufacturing constraints and incorporating the compressor map. The NMPC outputs are the optimal setpoints for all the subsystems’ local controllers. The studied fuel cell system incorporates the anode recirculation loop with an ejector, a water separator, and a bleed valve, and the proposed NMPC determines the optimal opening percentage of the bleed valve to prevent nitrogen accumulation and efficiency distortion."
	4.2. 09 Oct 2026, Elsevier Journal of Power Sources; Competitive solid oxide cells using YSr2Cu2FeO7+δ based oxygen electrodes prepared by combustion synthesis, "In this paper we present the electrochemical performance of YSr2Cu2FeO7+δ (YSCF). YSCF was prepared by the combustion method and showed YBaCuO-type structure. Symmetrical cells with YSCF-Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ (CGO) electrodes showed a polarization resistance of 0.3 Ω cm2 at 600 °C. Then, YSCF was incorporated in fuel electrode supported solid oxide cells (SOCs). SOCs were composed by the Ni-8% mol stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) cermet as fuel electrode, YSZ as electrolyte, CGO as barrier layer and the composite YSCF-CGO as oxygen electrode. A SOC with (La0.6Sr0.4)0.95Fe0.8Co0.2O3−δ (LSCF)-CGO oxygen electrode was also fabricated as reference cell. At 800 °C under 50:50% H2O:H2 in the fuel electrode and air in the oxygen electrode, YSCF-based cell reached a maximum power output of 0.74 W cm−2 at 0.5 V in SOFC mode and −1.1 A cm−2 at thermoneutral voltage (1.3 V) in SOEC mode. In the same conditions, EIS measurements revealed a polarization resistance of 0.17 Ω cm2."
	4.3. 01 Oct 2026, ACS Omega; High-Performing Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell Using PGM-Free Bifunctional Catalysts from Waste-Derived Carbon, "In this work, bifunctional precious group metal-free (PGM-free) catalysts were prepared by nucleating either Fe, Ni, or FeNi on nitrogen-doped carbons; the prepared catalysts have a maximum metal loading of up to 3 wt %. To align with circular economy principles, a sustainable approach was employed by using a phenolic resin-based waste product as a carbon precursor. The carbonization process, conducted in the presence of H3PO4 and melamine, yielded nitrogen-doped carbon supports with enhanced properties. Notably, in single-cell operation, the prepared PGM-free catalysts─NiNC, FeNC, and FeNiNC─generated RTEs of 29%, 38%, and 35%, respectively, under corrosion-free alkaline electrolytes (0.5 M KOH); similar results were reported for benchmark commercial catalysts such as IrO2, which displayed ca. 30% of RTE. Moreover, NiNC catalyst showed a half-wave potential of 0.74 V, an onset potential of 0.88 V, and an overpotential of 420 mV at 10 mA cm–2. In turn, the FeNC displayed a half-wave potential of 0.72 V, an onset potential of 0.90 V, and an overpotential of 510 mV at 10 mA cm–2."
	4.4. 28 Sep 2026, IET Renewable Power Generation; Comprehensive Review of Fuel Cell Technologies for Renewable Power Systems: Fundamentals, Materials, System Integration, Techno-Economics, Standardisation, and Middle Eastern Stationary Deployment, "This review provides a comprehensive assessment of FC technology from fundamental, material, system, economic, regulatory and regional deployment perspectives. In this paper, the main types of FCs are reviewed, including proton exchange membrane FCs, solid oxide FCs, alkaline FCs, molten carbonate FCs, phosphoric acid FCs, and direct methanol FCs in terms of their working principles, electrochemical reactions, performance, advantages and disadvantages, and applicability. Special focus is on FC materials such as membranes, catalysts, gas diffusion layers, bipolar plates, and balance-of-plant components, which have a strong impact on efficiency, durability, degradation behaviour, and system cost. The review also addresses techniques for testing and characterising FCs, including electrochemical, thermal, structural, and durability assessments, as well as parameter-estimation approaches used to improve modelling accuracy and performance prediction."
	4.5. 25 Sep 2026, Nature Scientific Reports; An efficiency-oriented hierarchical energy management strategy for renewable electric-hydrogen systems with adaptive multi-stack PEMFC activation, "This study proposes a hierarchical energy management strategy for electric-hydrogen coupled multi-stack proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems, combining a supervisory state-machine layer with an equipment-level control layer. The upper layer determines the optimal operating state by considering residual power demand, lithium battery state of charge, and hydrogen storage state, and dynamically allocates the number of active fuel cell stacks. The lower layer implements the corresponding commands through individual device controllers to coordinate photovoltaic generation, energy storage, hydrogen production, and fuel cell operation. By keeping PEMFC operation near its high-efficiency region, the strategy reduces unnecessary stack activation and improves stability under variable operating conditions. MATLAB/Simulink simulations show that the proposed strategy achieves smoother power transitions, higher fuel cell efficiency, and stable operation under external disturbances."
	4.6. 24 Sep 2026, Nature Communications; Record stack durability in industrial solid oxide steam electrolysis through operational control, "Here, we show that long-term stack durability can be strongly influenced by operating strategy, achieving 25,000 h of steam electrolysis operation in a full 70-cell solid oxide electrolysis cell stack under frequency-dependent electrochemical operation (AC:DC). This experiment represents, to our knowledge, the longest and lowest degradation operation reported for a full stack. The stack enters a stabilized regime with an average voltage degradation rate of 0.05 % kh⁻¹ (0.65 mV kh⁻¹ per cell) sustained for 22,000 h after initial conditioning. The behavior is evaluated against initial DC operation, prior full-stack benchmarks, impedance evolution, and post-test microstructural signatures. Periodic polarity inversion between electrolysis and fuel-cell modes modulates electrochemical polarization and heat generation, consistent with mitigating thermal and electrochemical gradients that develop during sustained DC electrolysis."
	4.7. 21 Sep 2026, Cell Reports Physical Science; External excitation signal-free online internal parameter identification for proton exchange membrane fuel cell diagnosis, "Here, we report an online parameter identification method for characterizing EIS, which eliminates external excitation and hardware redundancy while accelerating EIS extraction. First, the distribution of relaxation time (DRT) is employed to analyze the physical processes, and a mapping is established among DRT-fitted peaks, EIS, the equivalent circuit model (ECM), and electrochemical mechanisms. Furthermore, an identifiable model transformation and parameter decoupling process is designed, and the recursive least squares-H infinity filter (RLS-HIF) algorithm is proposed for online parameter identification. Finally, online parameter identification experiments are conducted to analyze the performance of the RLS-HIF, including dynamic tracking performance, steady-state robustness, and initial value sensitivity."
	4.8. 17 Sep 2026, Frontiers; Integrating machine learning and sensor technology to automate proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack disassembly, "This review addresses this gap by providing a comprehensive examination of the integration between bionic-inspired sandwich structures, topology optimization, and additive manufacturing technologies specifically for lightweight bipolar plate applications. Unlike previous reviews that treat these domains in isolation, the present work adopts an integrative perspective, analyzing how bio-inspired design principles can be realized through advanced computational optimization and additive manufacturing to simultaneously address mechanical, electrical, and fluidic requirements (Jin et al., 2014). Comprehensive comparison of lightweight bipolar plate design strategies."
	4.9. 17 Sep 2026, Springer Nature; A review of lightweight bionic sandwich and additive structural designs for hydrogen fuel cell bipolar plates, "This publication proposes and evaluates a sensor concept for PEMFC stacks to enable automated disassembly. Laser line triangulation (LLT) sensors are used to measure the height of stack components and to determine cut points for separation of stacks. With a measurement resolution of 17–26 m at working distances of 70–130 mm, the system allows for a geometry-independent operation across varying stack designs. A camera system with dedicated lighting and machine-learning (ML)-based image analysis based on Cognex VisionPro Deep Learning is employed to classify bipolar plates (BPPs) and detect typical defects relevant for remanufacturing. The developed models achieve an F1-Score of 0.964 for seal defect detection and 0.914 for scratch detection on a representative dataset. The experimental results demonstrate an overall feasibility of the subsystems, providing key input data for automated EoL handling of PEMFC stacks and component classification for re-x strategies."
	4.10. 15 Sep 2026, Nature Scientific Reports; A robust hybrid whale optimization algorithm with single candidate optimizer for efficient parameter identification of hydrogen based PEM fuel cells, "This article proposes a new hybrid optimization method based on the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and Single Candidate Optimizer (SCO) to find the authentic model parameters of the PEMFCs. The proposed WOA-SCO technique is developed to combine the WOA excellent search abilities on the promising areas with the efficient population diversity over the space of the SCO. The performance of the WOA-SCO is first tested using 10 commonly used benchmark functions. Besides, a comparison is undertaken between some state-of-the-art methods, such as WOA, SCO, Salp Swarm Optimizer (SSO), Elk Herd Optimizer (EHO), Cuckoo Search with Explosion Operator (CS-EO), hybrid Jaya-NM, and the Fractional-Order WOA algorithm. Thereafter, the efficacy of the technique in estimating the optimal parameters is investigated using Heliocentris- 50 W and Nexa 1200W PEMFCs."
	4.11. 13 Sep 2026, MDPI; Energy Management Strategies for Forklifts Using Metal-Hydride Hydrogen Storage, "This work focuses on a hydrogen fuel-cell forklift using metal hydride-based hydrogen storage. A hybrid powertrain model with a PEMFC and battery is developed from thermodynamic and electrochemical formulations. Hydrogen desorption behavior in the storage tank and transient responses of both power sources are considered, and three energy management strategies are evaluated: rule-based, fuzzy logic, and adaptive fuzzy logic strategies. Under typical operating conditions, each strategy satisfies the forklift power demand in simulation. Compared with rule-based control, adaptive fuzzy logic control markedly suppresses fuel-cell power fluctuations. Compared with basic fuzzy logic control, the proposed adaptive strategy improves SOC retention and overall energy distribution. These findings may provide preliminary support for powertrain matching, hydrogen storage system parameter selection, and energy management design in hydrogen fuel-cell forklift applications."
	4.12. 04 Sep 2026, Nature Scientific Reports; A high-fidelity modeling and simulation framework for a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle, "This paper presents the development, integration, and simulation-based validation of a high-fidelity system-level model for a H2 fuel cell electric vehicle designed for Formula SAE competition. The proposed powertrain architecture comprises a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the primary energy source, a lithium-ion battery pack for peak power buffering and regenerative energy capture, and a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for final drive propulsion. A rule-based energy management strategy (EMS) implemented in MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow governs power split between the fuel cell and battery to maintain fuel cell operation within its high-efficiency region while satisfying dynamic racing demands. Simulation results over the FSAE endurance cycle demonstrate that the vehicle achieves a 75-m acceleration time of 3.98 s (beating the 4.5 s target), consumes 1.61 kg of hydrogen (below the 1.8 kg limit), and maintains battery state-of-charge above 52%."
	4.13. 26 Aug 2026, Frontiers; A review of microstructure optimization design for flow fields of metallic bipolar plates in hydrogen fuel cells, "This review examines recent advances in the optimization of flow field microstructures for metallic BPPs, encompassing conventional channel configurations, bio-inspired and fractal geometries, and topology-optimized architectures. The analysis extends to manufacturing technologies, including stamping, hydroforming, and additive manufacturing, which dictate the geometric fidelity and cost-effectiveness of metallic plates. Furthermore, protective coating strategies—such as diamond-like carbon, nitride films, and metal oxide layers—are discussed in relation to corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity in acidic fuel cell environments. Multiphysics simulation methods that couple fluid dynamics, electrochemical reactions, and structural mechanics are highlighted as essential tools for rationalizing microstructural design. Finally, future research directions are identified, focusing on multi-objective optimization, in situ characterization, and the integration of advanced manufacturing with intelligent design frameworks to accelerate the commercialization of high-performance PEMFC stacks."
	4.14. 26 Aug 2026, Springer Nature; Real-time PEM fuel cell fault classification in smart manufacturing plant by using uncertainty aware federated deep learning, "The article describes the UFDL-Edge, an uncertainty-based federated deep learning model that was created to detect the defects of PEMFC in real-time through an IIoT-based manufacturing plant. The objective of the proposed architecture is to offer the adaptive feature detector and an open-ended model evolution without compromising the privacy of the data in the distributed manufacturing locales through integrating uncertainty-aware feature detectors (UFD) with temporal Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)-based streaming. It employs a hierarchical and federated learning approach to obtain a combination of the advantages of Byzantine-resistant aggregation and uncertainty quantification to enhance the resilience of fault-detection in a variety of operating conditions. The 10.3% improvement in F1-score on the initial anomaly detection, 23.7% reduction in false positive ratio, and less than 100ms latency of real-time diagnostics obtained with huge-scale experimentation in three testbeds of smart manufacturing are better results."
	4.15. 12 Aug 2026, Wiley Advanced Materials; Adsorption-Engineered Hydrocarbon Ionomers for Durable Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, "Here, we identify oxidation-driven ionomer-catalyst interfacial degradation as a dominant failure pathway in hydrocarbon ionomer-bonded cathodes and introduce an adsorption-engineering strategy to overcome this limitation. The comparison of a commercial sulfonated poly(phenylene) (Pemion) with structurally engineered sulfonated poly(fluorene)s demonstrated that electrode durability is governed by the interplay between ionomer adsorption strength and resistance to oxidative degradation on carbon-supported Pt catalysts. A poly(fluorene) ionomer with mobile alkyl sulfonic acid groups forms resilient interfaces, delivering 1.28 A cm−2 at 0.65 V under fully humidified H2/air conditions (80°C and 150 kPaabs), comparable to Pemion. "
	4.16. 05 Aug 2026, MDPI; Assertions on an “In Situ” Hydrogen-Powered Ride-On Industrial Floor-Cleaning Scrubber, "This study proposes a hydrogen-powered industrial ride-on scrubber (IRoS) investigated by using in situ and on-board H2 production. Technological and financial calculations involving conventional liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), an electric battery, and a hydrogen-powered system in IRoS are discussed. Energy consumption, operational costs, financial aspects and environmental impacts are also discussed. Investment payback analyses to replace an LPG machine are discussed. For 10 years, the highest operational costs and downtime costs are of the LPG-powered scrubber (USD ~187k). The two other systems are substantially lower, i.e., ~4% and 7%. CO2 emissions of the three examined scrubbers ranged between 162 and 194, 10 and 13, and 5 and 9 tCO2, respectively. Gravimetric energy density (GED) reveals that the LPG-powered system is ~2× and 10× higher than the battery- and H2-powered systems, respectively."
	4.17. 01 Aug 2026, Wiley Advanced Materials; Escaping the Scaling Relationships in Oxygen Reduction Catalysis: Implications for PEM Fuel Cells, "Herein, we argue that interfacial heterogeneity, integrating symmetry-breaking perturbations that span the subsurface lattice, the chemisorption layer, and the near-interface solvation volume, provides the mechanistic basis for decoupling the adsorption energetics of ORR intermediates and overcoming these linear scaling relationships. This outlook critically examines recent strategies pursued to this end, including strain engineering, atomically dispersed sites, doping, interfacial field effects, and confinement, that modulate intermediate energetics to varying degrees, yet full thermodynamic decoupling remains elusive in practice. We, therefore, contend that the most promising path forward lies in engineering the interface holistically, integrating the lattice, chemisorption, and solvation contributions rather than tuning any one in isolation, while co-optimizing for durability and transport dynamics in order to translate these mechanistic insights into practical PEMFCs."
	4.18. 31 Jul 2026, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Materials innovations for flexible and wearable PEM fuel cells: From proton exchange membranes to stretchable electrodes, "This review critically discusses recent advances in material innovations for wearable PEMFCs, covering proton exchange membranes, hydrocarbon and nanocomposite membranes, stretchable and self-healing electrolytes, flexible electrodes, gas diffusion layers, current collectors, and device architectures. Nanocomposite membranes incorporating graphene oxide, MXenes, SiO2, TiO2, and nanocellulose show improved water retention, reduced crossover, while stretchable and self-healing polymer networks offer new opportunities for mechanically resilient F-PEMFCs. Flexible electrodes based on carbon nanotubes, graphene, conductive polymers, and hybrid catalyst architectures can retain more than 90% of their conductivity under bending, although catalyst-layer delamination and interfacial degradation remain key challenges. This review identifies current limitations and provides a roadmap toward efficient, and scalable wearable hydrogen energy technologies."
	4.19. 28 Jul 2026, MDPI; Optimizing Parasitic Pumping Power in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells via Bio-Inspired Cooling Channels Guided by Constructal Theory and Murray’s Law, "This study develops a bio-inspired active liquid cooling architecture to overcome the limitations of conventional flow channels, where convective heat transfer augmentation significantly increases pressure drop. The proposed configuration adheres to constructal theory and Murray’s law. A three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer model was formulated to evaluate the thermo-hydrodynamic performance against parallel and serpentine flow channels. Under identical conditions, the proposed configuration exhibits superior thermal uniformity and hydrodynamic behavior, alongside minimized parasitic pumping power. At an inlet Reynolds number (Re) of 400, this configuration stabilizes the average bipolar plate temperature at 349.63 K."
	4.20. 24 Jul 2026, Frontiers; A review of high-consistency assembly and sealing structures for hydrogen fuel cell stacks, "This review examines the mechanical foundations of stack assembly, emphasizing the pivotal role of clamping force magnitude and contact pressure uniformity across the active area. It systematically analyzes sealing structures, including PEM-wrapped, MEA-wrapped, rigid frame, and direct-compression configurations, alongside gasket materials such as silicone rubber, EPDM, and fluoroelastomers, evaluating their chemical stability, compression set, and degradation mechanisms under acidic and thermal cycling conditions. Furthermore, the review explores the multiphysics coupling between assembly mechanics and sealing performance, addressing manufacturing tolerance propagation, bipolar plate misalignment, thermal-mechanical deformation, and the influence of bolt torque patterns on gas tightness."

► R5. STORE: Type IV-V / MH / LH2 / LOHC / Geo (20)

	5.1. 16 Oct 2026, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Geochemical responses of mineral powder materials and natural rock cores to H2-water exposure in underground hydrogen storage, "This study combined mineral powder materials with natural rock cores from an underground gas storage (UGS) facility and another oil and gas reservoir in China to examine H2-water-rock interactions under simulated UHS conditions. The mineral powder materials comprised dolomite-rich, kaolinite-rich, illite-rich, muscovite-rich, and feldspar-rich materials, together with a cement material. Sandstone, mudstone, and carbonate rock represented common reservoir and sealing lithologies. The powder materials were exposed for 30 days at 120 °C and 10 MPa under H2 gas, a pressure-matched He-water control, and H2-water conditions. The natural rocks were compared in the initial state and the state after H2-water exposure at the same temperature, pressure, and duration. X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarized-light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to characterize relative crystalline phase abundances, rock fabric, and local microstructural changes."
	5.2. 08 Oct 2026, MDPI; A Decision-Making Tool for the Selection of Potential Hydrogen Storage Geological Sites: Application to Salt Caverns, "We develop a holistic integrated Decision-Making Tool for the preliminary screening and comparative ranking of potential UHS sites in salt formations. The framework draws on four categories of information: static site data, probabilistic information describing confidence in the static criteria, dynamic cavern and operating data, and operator-defined requirements. These inputs are processed through a sequential assessment workflow. First, a deterministic site-suitability assessment evaluates each candidate using eight predefined static criteria. Second, a stochastic assessment employs Monte Carlo simulation to propagate parameters uncertainty to these criteria and examine the robustness of the resulting site assessment. Third, an engineering feasibility assessment uses an Equation of State to calculate hydrogen storage capacity, fill factor and recovery factor under the specified cavern and operating conditions. Finally, the suitability and engineering indicators are combined with operator-defined requirements."
	5.3. 06 Oct 2026, Springer Nature; Consolidated geographic and petrophysical dataset for potential underground hydrogen storage focusing on the Global South, "As we move towards a green energy future, comprehensive site characterisation data for energy storage is critical for modelling, policy and guiding investment decisions. In this work, we present a dataset of 518 sub-surface formations spread across 34 countries with an emphasis on the under-explored Global South. Criteria relating to geological suitability and techno-economic feasibility from a wide range of data sources are collected from existing literature in a unified dataset. Scientific publications, industry reports, technical reports and national databases are all considered. Entries to the dataset are compiled with dates, source publications, geographic locations and operating statuses alongside site characteristics. The subsurface structures compiled include hydrocarbon fields, aquifers and salt caverns. Major limitations to consider are poor coverage in Africa & Northern South America, and restricted validation options. No assessments on site feasibility are made, and the data is entirely secondary in nature."
	5.4. 05 Oct 2026, Nature Communications; Self-foaming sintering-resistant iron-tungsten powders enable high-cycle thermochemical hydrogen storage, "Here, we show that adding redox-active tungsten to Fe powders solves this problem in static powder beds: Fe-19W (at%) alloyed powder self-foams during redox cycling via W gas-phase transport, increasing porosity and preserving capacity. In a custom automated reactor, a kilogram-scale powder bed reversibly stores 43.8 g H2 and sustains 93 ± 3% capacity utilization over 30 redox cycles. Temperature-resolved in-situ X-ray diffraction reveals a chemical-vapor-transport-mediated self-foaming mechanism that redistributes W to refine the microstructure, complemented by a contact-barrier stabilization mechanism during high-temperature holds. Partial-capacity cycling up to 90 cycles further confirms sintering resistance under incomplete redox conditions."
	5.5. 02 Oct 2026, IET; Optimisation Techniques for Off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems With Hydrogen Storage: A Systematic Review, "The review finds that PV/WT/BES/FC configurations dominate the literature, while multi-source systems with micro-hydropower, biomass and integrated hydrogen storage remain underrepresented. Hydrogen storage is rarely treated as a co-optimised variable, with simultaneous optimisation of electrolyser sizing, tank capacity and fuel cell dispatch identified as a critical modelling gap. Techno-economic evaluation consolidates net present cost, levelised cost of energy, levelised cost of hydrogen and loss of power supply probability as core objective functions. Optimisation approaches are categorised into software tools, classical methods, AI-based techniques and hybrid approaches. Hybrid approaches consistently outperform standalone methods by addressing the nonlinear, multi-objective nature of HRES design."
	5.6. 01 Oct 2026, Springer Nature; Fail-safe optimum design of variable density multilayer insulation for liquid hydrogen storage tanks, "A comprehensive understanding of degradation mechanisms under fluctuating power input is essential for achieving large-scale and stable hydrogen production. This review summarizes the characteristic fluctuation patterns of renewable energy and their impacts on the operational stability of electrolytic systems. It further provides a systematic discussion of electrode degradation behaviors and dominant mechanisms under various operating conditions, including over-power, low-power, no-power, start–stop cycling, and dynamic fluctuation scenarios. Finally, key future research priorities are highlighted, emphasizing the development of multiscale degradation models, dynamic evaluation and lifetime prediction frameworks, and highly stable, adaptive electrode materials. These advances will provide critical theoretical and technological foundations for efficient, durable water electrolysis systems powered by renewable energy."
	5.7. 27 Sep 2026, SSRN; Fail-safe optimum design of variable density multilayer insulation for liquid hydrogen storage tanks, "This work presents a novel fail-safe optimization methodology for the design of variable-density MLI systems that minimizes heat flux under nominal conditions while preserving thermal insulation after failure of a prescribed number of outer reflective layers. The methodology uses a validated layer-by-layer heat transfer model accounting for radiation, solid conduction, and residual gas conduction. A two-stage optimization first optimizes interlayer spacing under an insulation thickness constraint, and then determines the minimum thickness increase needed to preserve nominal thermal performance after damage. The methodology is applied to representative MLI configurations from the literature and extended through a parametric study covering wide ranges of insulation thicknesses and layer densities."
	5.8. 27 Sep 2026, MDPI; Mapping the Scientific Evolution of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier Research: A Comprehensive Bibliometric and Thematic Analysis, "This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric and thematic analysis of LOHC research based on 1140 publications indexed in the Scopus database between 2007 and 2025. Bibliometric indicators, scientific mapping, Bradford’s and Lotka’s laws, thematic evolution, and strategic thematic mapping were performed using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny. The results reveal an exponential increase in scientific production after 2016, reflecting the growing global interest in LOHC technologies. Bradford’s law identified a highly concentrated publication landscape dominated by a small core of specialized journals, whereas Lotka’s law demonstrated that scientific production is driven by a limited group of highly productive authors. Keyword network and thematic evolution analyses show a clear transition from fundamental hydrogen storage concepts toward advanced catalyst development, molecular design, quantum chemical calculations, machine learning, techno-economic assessment, and hydrogen transport applications."
	5.9. 26 Sep 2026, SSRN; Thermal Performance, Cyclability, and Cost-Effectiveness of Hydrogen Storage Systems Across Different MENA Climate Zones: Underground vs. Surface Storages, "While underground and surface storage are both deployed in practice, no study has systematically compared their thermal performance across climate, season, and tank orientation, a gap this work closes with the first iso-parametric, multi-city thermo-physical comparison of four H2 storage configurations across five MENA cities spanning three Köppen–Geiger climate zones. Across 40 validated simulation cases (44.4 m³ tank, 2600 kg/12 h injection), all ten surface configurations exceed the 85 °C limit in summer (up to 107.4 °C), while underground configurations remain thermally stable year-round (ΔT 1.2 °C between seasons) due to geothermal buffering. A previously unreported metric, post-injection thermal recovery rate, shows underground tanks cool 9 times faster than surface tanks (2.5 vs. 0.28 °C/h), and a near-perfect linear correlation (R² = 1.000) between peak gas temperature and mean annual ground temperature offers a direct design tool for siting future underground stations."
	5.10. 25 Sep 2026, Wiley Advanced; Interface-Mediated Catalysis for Improved Hydrogen Storage in Reactive Hydride Composites, "Here, we report markedly enhanced hydrogen storage properties by incorporating Co@C and Ni@C catalysts into 2LiH + MgB2 system via an interface-driven catalytic mechanism. Kinetic measurements exhibit significantly accelerated hydrogenation/dehydrogenation processes, accompanied by lower apparent activation energies. Temperature-dependent investigations and synchrotron radiation powder x-ray diffraction studies demonstrate a two-step dehydrogenation process, in which the catalytic effect is mainly associated with LiBH4 decomposition. Multiscale structural characterization shows that the catalysts refine the hydride matrix and provide stable nanoscale interfaces that are maintained during cycling. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that the strong interfacial interactions between transition metal sites and LiBH4 lead to charge transfer and distortion of BH4− units. The catalyst–hydride interfaces increase active site density, facilitate mass transport, and induce electronic interactions that weaken the B─H bonds and lower the dehydrogenation energy barrier."
	5.11. 25 Sep 2026, Elsevier Applied Geochemistry; Geochemical modeling of H2 storage in a sandstone reservoir: Sensitivity analysis of abiotic H2S and CO2 gas formation, "This study simulates the 30-year geochemical evolution of a sandstone reservoir (117 °C, 150 bar Ptotal, 98 mol% H2) and quantifies the temporal evolution of gas concentrations (H2, CO2, H2S). The models reveal two concurrent reaction regimes: initial perturbation of the pre-existing carbonate-fluid-gas equilibrium, causing CO2 degassing (∼4.2 mol%) and siderite dissolution, and long-term pyrite reductive dissolution with secondary pyrrhotite precipitation. Leaching of Fe2+ from Fe-chlorite enhances sulfide scavenging via pyrrhotite formation, stabilizing H2S(gas) at 26-28 ppm. Sensitivity analyses (40-140 °C, 5-250 bar Ptotal, 0.001-2.0 vol% pyrite) demonstrate that the reservoir geochemistry is governed by a reaction feedback loop involving: i) sulfide release from reductive pyrite dissolution, ii) aqueous sulfide removal by pyrrhotite precipitation, and iii) secondary Fe2+-mobilization from ferrous minerals. "
	5.12. 23 Sep 2026, Elsevier Journal of Power Sources; Rechargeable lithium-hydrogen batteries: Fundamentals, design principles, and industrial translation, "The Li-H2 battery is attractive because it combines two of the lightest electroactive elements available. Lithium offers the lowest standard reduction potential and the highest specific capacity among practical metallic anodes, while hydrogen provides a low molecular weight, fast gas-phase transport, and highly reversible catalytic redox reactions. In theory, this combination can achieve energy densities that are beyond the reach of most existing rechargeable battery chemistries. At the same time, these advantages make Li-H2 batteries difficult to develop. A practical Li-H2 cell must maintain stable lithium plating and stripping, support reversible hydrogen redox at a catalytic gas electrode, and effectively manage the gas-liquid-solid interfaces where these reactions occur. It also needs to minimize side reactions and the accumulation of inactive lithium, all while operating within a sealed system that is safe, manufacturable, and suitable for large-scale deployment."
	5.13. 19 Sep 2026, SSRN; 3D Factorized Fourier Improved Neural Operator for Modeling Cyclic Underground Hydrogen Storage with Hysteresis, "In this study, a promising neural operator architecture, 3D factorized Fourier improved neural operator, or FFINO is proposed as a fast surrogate model for complex multiphase flow problems in cyclic UHS. To address current limitations of surrogate modeling in UHS, a more realistic aquifer model, relative permeability and gas hysteresis, and local grid refinement (LGR) are employed. These improvements enable FFINO models to deliver accurate predictions of hydrogen plume and pressure responses at both global and local scales. On global pressure responses, the FFINO model achieves superior accuracy and efficiency with R2 score of over 0.999 and a speedup ratio of 22,200 compared to numerical ground truth."
	5.14. 18 Sep 2026, IET Renewable Power Generation; Coordinated Voltage Control Strategy of a Renewable-Rich Distribution Network Utilising PEM-Based Hydrogen Energy Storage System, "This paper aims to enhance voltage stability and system reliability in renewable-rich distribution networks by integrating an electrolyzer as a controllable hydrogen storage system. The proposed approach leverages surplus photovoltaic generation for H2 production, thereby mitigating voltage violations without renewable curtailment. A simplified dynamic electrical equivalent circuit model of the proton exchange membrane electrolyzer is employed as a flexible, voltage-responsive load, with its parameters estimated using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Moreover, a coordinated control strategy is designed using local bus voltage measurements and PV real power output to regulate both the real power consumption and the reactive power support of the grid-interfaced electrolyzer system, thereby regulating the voltage at various buses in the network."
	5.15. 12 Sep 2026, Elsevier Next Materials; Advanced materials processing and non-destructive evaluation for next-generation hydrogen storage systems: A review of protective coatings, membranes, and composite structures, "This review examines three synergistic technological pillars. First, we discuss protective coating technologies for powdered metal hydrides, including deposition devices and coating compositions that mitigate hydrogen embrittlement and impurity poisoning. Second, we review membrane filtration for hydrogen purification, analyzing prototype filter performance and integration as upstream components ensuring feed gas quality. Third, we explore non-destructive evaluation (NDT) methods for composite structures, focusing on conceptual prototype systems for in-situ structural health monitoring. By synthesizing advances across these fields, this review identifies current research trends, highlights critical knowledge gaps, and proposes a roadmap for concurrent engineering of materials, processing techniques, and diagnostic systems."
	5.16. 12 Sep 2026, Elsevier Energy Reports; A semisubmersible offshore wind-to-hydrogen system: Effects of hydrogen storage tank size on dynamic stability, "This study explores the integration of high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks into a floating offshore wind-hydrogen production system and assesses the impact of varying storage mass on the platform’s dynamic performance and structural integrity. Fully coupled dynamic simulations reveal that adding hydrogen production and storage capacity can elevate the platform’s center of gravity by up to 3.5 m and extend the natural periods of pitch and roll motions by approximately 13%. Under extreme turbulence conditions, platform pitch angles increase by 18–25%, while nacelle accelerations rise by up to 9%. Despite these changes, blade root bending moments remain within ±2% of the unmodified baseline design, and tower base bending moments show only a moderate increase of 6–8%. Fatigue damage equivalent loads for both blade root and tower base fluctuate within ±2%, indicating minimal impact on long-term structural fatigue."
	5.17. 05 Sep 2026, MDPI; Multiscale Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessel for Hydrogen Storage, "The objective of this work is to experimentally investigate the through-thickness strain distribution in a filament-wound Type IV composite pressure vessel using embedded Fiber Bragg Grating sensors. Prior to pressure testing, computed tomography (CT) was employed to verify the position and orientation of the embedded FBGs, ensuring the reliability of the through-thickness strain measurements and their correlation with monitored hoop layers. To assess whether the integration of embedded FOS affected the composite microstructure and mechanical performance of the vessel, reference vessels without embedded sensors were subjected to burst tests under identical conditions. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate the post-failure microstructure."
	5.18. 05 Sep 2026, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Light metal functionalized two-dimensional carbon nitride (C6N7) monolayers for efficient hydrogen storage, "This study investigates light metal-decorated carbon nitride (C6N7) monolayers for hydrogen (H2) storage using density functional theory (DFT). Compared with previously explored theoretical carbon nitride materials, this work focuses on experimentally synthesized C6N7, providing a realistic platform with verified chemical and thermal stability. Since pristine C6N7 exhibits weak H2 adsorption, Na, K, and Ca are introduced as dopants to enhance storage performance. The stability of the metal-decorated systems is confirmed by ab initio molecular dynamics simulation, while binding energies are evaluated against the cohesive energies of the corresponding bulk metals. Charge transfer and projected density of states analyses reveal strong metal-C6N7 interactions and enhanced electronic polarization."
	5.19. 03 Sep 2026, MDPI; Detection of Structural Changes Prior to the Burst of a Hydrogen Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves, "We propose a semi-unsupervised novelty detection pipeline. Novelty detection enables models to be trained exclusively on measurements acquired in the healthy state and to identify deviations from this reference state [20]. The employed method extracts features from UGW signals that characterize changes in their time-frequency content and subsequently uses these features to identify deviations from the baseline state. The underlying framework for automated feature extraction and selection in condition monitoring is described in [21]. We trained a k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) algorithm [22] only on baseline data, thereby avoiding measurements acquired after overpressurization and focusing on detecting deviations from the pristine state."
	5.20. 28 Aug 2026, Cell Press; Role of microstructure in the hydrogen storage capacity and kinetics of TiFe AB-type alloys, "This investigation evaluates how the microstructure of TiFe AB-type alloys, produced by vacuum induction melting and different cooling rates, affects their solid-state hydrogen storage capacity and kinetics. The chemical and phase composition was evaluated by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. While the microstructure of the alloys was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Once the samples were obtained, a mechanical milling process was carried out for 1 h to reduce the particle size and eliminate possible surface oxide layers. Subsequently, the kinetics and hydrogen storage capacity were evaluated using a self-constructed Sieverts-type apparatus. The results obtained show that a mixture of TiFe and TiFe2 crystalline phases was obtained in the molten samples."

► R6. APP: Automotive / Rail Industry (20)

	6.1. 08 Oct 2026, BMW; BMW X5 is the first BMW model engineered to support five drive systems, including hydrogen, "The BMW X5 has consistently set industry benchmarks since its launch in 1999 and this latest iteration continues that legacy as the first BMW model engineered to support five different drive systems, including hydrogen, as part of its global line-up. The BMW iX5 Hydrogen will complete the lineup as the brand’s first hydrogen-powered production vehicle. It combines BMW’s third-generation fuel cell system, BMW Hydrogen Flat Storage technology and an innovative high-voltage battery to deliver a range of up to 466 miles."
	6.2. 06 Oct 2026, MDPI; Validating Multi-Parameter PEMFC Simulation Models for Vehicle Powertrain Diagnostics, "This study develops and validates a three-dimensional Multiphysics PEMFC model based on experimental measurements from a single-cell prototype with a 16 cm2 active area. The model was implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1 and couples electrochemical reaction kinetics, electronic and protonic charge transport, multicomponent gas transport, laminar channel flow, membrane water transport, and heat generation. An optimized mesh resolution was selected to reduce computational demand while maintaining numerical accuracy. Validation was performed against measurements obtained using a Scribner 850 fuel cell testing system under different gas flow velocities and relative humidities. The simulated maximum current density differed from the measured value by less than 0.4%, while the peak power density differed by approximately 1.0%. The largest relative discrepancy occurred in the activation-controlled region, whereas close agreement was observed in the ohmic region."
	6.3. 29 Sep 2026, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Real-time digital-twin analysis of multi-terminal DC grid for hydrogen-powered zero-emission mining haul trucks, "We present the integration of real-time digital-twin analysis within a multi-terminal direct current (MTDC) grid to support the deployment of H2-battery hybrid mining trucks. The study explores the potential of this technology to reduce emissions and enhance operational efficiency in mining. The digital-twin framework utilizes data from power systems and energy storage units embedded in mining trucks, charging stations, and grid infrastructure, allowing for real-time monitoring, analysis, and hardware-in-the-loop emulation. Digital modeling is used to represent proton exchange membrane fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, power converters, and control systems, including mining operations, battery charging stations, and hydrogen gas stations. The Xilinx® UltraScale+™ VCU118 platform is chosen for the RTDT emulation of both the physical and digital components of a megawatt-level MTDC grid."
	6.4. 26 Sep 2026, Cell Press; Swappable hydrogen storage for road vehicles, "This article suggests a swappable hydrogen tank method for distributing and dispensing fuel. Swappable refueling may reduce the upfront cost of hydrogen refueling stations, reduce the energy consumed to dispense high-pressure hydrogen and increase the efficiency of distribution over standard tube trailers. In the analysis, current systems for transporting and dispensing gaseous hydrogen fuel account for a significant amount of energy consumed calculated at 23.8 MJ kg−1. In contrast, the swappable delivery system consumes only 9.7 MJ kg−1; because hydrogen is compressed at the point of production, transport is 5x more efficient and removes the need for gas handling equipment at every station. This 60% energy saving and the anticipated equipment reductions present a case for an alternative refueling method to address the issues facing hydrogen vehicles."
	6.5. 26 Sep 2026, MDPI; A Feedforward Power Coordination Control Strategy for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Trains Considering Dynamic Response Delay, "This paper proposes a route-informed, prediction-assisted feedforward power coordination strategy. A Transformer predictor estimates the 10 s traction-power demand using route information and simulated operating-state data, and the predicted sequence is supplied to a constrained model predictive control (MPC) controller as preview information. A reduced-order first-order fuel-cell response model is used to characterize the dominant command-to-power lag and determine the advance-command timing at the train energy-management level, while the unit-level ramp-rate limits are retained as implementation constraints. An offline normalized Pareto sweep is further conducted to determine the MPC weighting coefficients for hydrogen consumption, fuel-cell power fluctuation, and state-of-charge (SOC) deviation. The present simulations quantitatively evaluate the traction-power prediction and delay-aware advance-command mechanisms within the proposed constrained MPC framework."
	6.6. 24 Sep 2026, ACS Omega; Classification and Mechanism Analysis of Knock Modes in Hydrogen Engines, "This study uses numerical simulation methods to explore the knock mechanism of hydrogen engines and proposes a knocking classification basis based on pressure wave characteristics and the flame propagation state. Based on the location of the pressure wave, whether the flame propagation speed reaches the theoretical Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) detonation velocity, and whether the pressure wavefront is coupled with the flame front, hydrogen engine knock is divided into three categories: deflagration-knock, detonation-knock, and superknock. Analysis shows that deflagration-knock is caused by the interaction between flames and pressure waves, and its intensity is relatively weak. Both detonation-knock and superknock are caused by the coupling of the flame front and pressure wavefront to form detonation waves. The core difference between the two is that the pressure waves appear in different positions."
	6.7. 15 Sep 2026, MDPI; Greening of the Automotive Diesel Engine by Hydrogen Use, "This study provides experimental results obtained from a 1.5-L automotive diesel engine supplied with diesel fuel and H2. H2 energy proportions of up to 40% were used in the running mode, with a 50% load and 2000 rev/min engine speed. With hydrogen use, a reduction in CO2 of 37%, a reduction in HC of 22%, a reduction in the smoke number of 48% and a reduction in NO of 16% were obtained. With hydrogen fueling, the specific energy consumption and the cyclic dispersion decreased due to a better combustion process compared with diesel fuel fueling. The optimal adjustment between the engine operating parameters established for the reduction in the exhaust emission levels may represent a novel aspect. H2 use even for diesel engines represents an attractive method that may provide the possibility of maintaining the operation of vehicles equipped with diesel engines."
	6.8. 14 Sep 2026, MDPI; Hydrogen Road Transport Development in Poland (2025–2040): Demand-Supply Potential and Comparative Insights with EU Countries, "This article summarizes the results of a demand-and-supply analysis of hydrogen road transport development in Poland, conducted as part of a research project at the Motor Transport Institute in 2025, with a time horizon extending to 2040. The central aim of the study is to identify optimal hydrogen refueling station locations and develop a phased deployment plan. It also assesses the potential for using hydrogen as an alternative transport fuel in Poland compared with other European countries. The article presents a multi-criteria decision-making model developed to support the planning of hydrogen infrastructure for the Polish transport system. The model’s assumptions and the research results concerning the selection of hydrogen refueling station locations in large cities are discussed."
	6.9. 04 Sep 2026, MDPI; Make or Buy? Implications of On-Site Renewable Hydrogen Production Versus Market Procurement for the Total Cost of Ownership of a Fuel Cell Bus Fleet, "This study compares two sourcing strategies, as follows: on-site hydrogen production (Make) and external procurement (Buy). An operator-centered framework combining Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is applied to two Italian cases, using project-specific procurement and technical data from Monfalcone/Gorizia and Ferrara together with explicit modeling assumptions. Under base-case assumptions, Make yields an LCOH of €13.67/kg H2 and a fleet TCO of €2.34/km, compared with €2.51/km for Buy at a delivered green hydrogen price of €12/kg. The deterministic break-even price is €10.25/kg, while both hydrogen configurations remain more expensive than diesel (€1.24/km). A probabilistic analysis based on 10,000 Latin Hypercube simulations and six uncertain parameters shows that Make is less costly in 78.8% of cases and Buy in 21.2%."
	6.10. 26 Aug 2026, Elsevier Energy Conversion and Management; System-level techno-economic analysis of hydrogen-fuelled genset internal combustion engines with exhaust-driven power recovery, "This study presents a unified thermodynamic and techno-economic comparison of gasoline, open-cycle hydrogen, and waste-heat-recovery-integrated H2-ICE generator systems using an ASPEN-based process simulation framework. At the highest stable equivalence ratios examined (φ = 1.045 for gasoline and φ = 0.857 for hydrogen), the open-cycle H2-ICE exhibits a 17.5 % lower brake thermal efficiency than gasoline, at 33.4 % versus 40.5 %. To mitigate this penalty, an exhaust-mounted electric turbogenerator (ETG) coupled with a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser is integrated to recover exhaust energy and enable in-situ hydrogen regeneration. When system performance is evaluated based on the combined engine brake and recovered electrical output, the integrated H2-ICE with waste heat recovery achieves apparent extended system-level energy utilisation factors of 54.4 % using ASPEN simulations and 52.3 % based on theoretical analysis."
	6.11. 06 Aug 2026, MDPI; Data-Driven Intelligent Analysis System for Monitoring and Anomaly Detection in Hydrogen Refueling Station, "This study presents a data-driven intelligent analysis platform for real-time monitoring and anomaly detection of HRS safety data, including pressure, temperature, and flow-rate measurements from compressors, storage tanks, and dispensers. The platform integrates data collection adapters, a time-series database, and machine learning-based diagnostic modules (regression, clustering, and classification) into a unified reference software framework. For anomaly detection, an unsupervised LSTM-Variational Autoencoder trained on normal operating data is combined with DBSCAN-based clustering and a Mann–Kendall trend test to jointly identify point anomalies and pattern-level drifts, addressing the scarcity of labeled abnormal data in HRS environments."
	6.12. 31 Jul 2026, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Toward ultra-low emissions combustion in a dual fuel diesel-hydrogen engine under low load condition: a 3D-CFD study, "This study employs a 3D-CFD model, calibrated against nine experimental operating points, to numerically explore ultra-high HES in a dual fuel Diesel–H2 engine at low load (1200 rpm, IMEP = 6 bar). A single-pilot Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition strategy, with advanced Diesel injection promoting distributed ignition of an ultra-lean H2–air mixture, extends hydrogen utilization without violating mechanical or emissions constraints. Two configurations emerge: HES = 96% (SOI = 660°CA) delivers +4.4% gross indicated efficiency, −88.6% CO2 and −98% NOx; HES = 98% (SOI = 655°CA) achieves −94% CO2 and −99.7% NOx. In both cases the peak in-cylinder pressure and the Peak Pressure Rise Rate stay within the structural design limits of the single-cylinder research engine used in this study."
	6.13. 30 Jul 2026, MDPI; Data-Driven Refueling Strategies and Infrastructure Design for H2 Cargo Bike Fleets via H2 Tank Swapping, "The objective of this article is to demonstrate a systematic methodological framework for deriving strategic insights into the deployment of a fleet of cargo bikes equipped with a hydrogen fuel cell unit. Employing advanced longitudinal-based vehicle mathematical modeling, coupled with statistical techniques, the energy consumption of the vehicle was analyzed under a broad spectrum of operating conditions. Moreover, the refueling strategy was analyzed for different ranges of vehicle fleets, and enhanced options for designing the respective hydrogen stations were charted. Ultimately, this work provides strategic insights that could be used by cargo bike fleet operators and H2 refueling infrastructure designers."
	6.14. 15 Jul 2026, MDPI; Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles in Road Transport: Multi-Objective Optimization of Total Cost of Ownership and Well-to-Wheel Emissions, "This study develops a novel dynamic multi-objective optimization framework that jointly assesses TCO and Well-to-Wheel (WTW) emissions across the period 2026–2060, capturing the non-linear trade-offs between cost minimization and lifecycle decarbonization. The model developed compares light-duty hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) with diesel, petrol, and battery-electric vehicles (EVs), incorporating time-varying Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) learning curves, fuel price trajectories, carbon pricing effects, and emissions-decay pathways. Hydrogen break-even prices are computed annually against each competing technology to identify the market conditions under which FCEVs become cost competitive."
	6.15. 30 May 2026, MDPI; Experimental Analysis of a Gasoline–Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Passenger Car Spark-Ignition Engine, "This study investigates the effect of partial hydrogen substitution of E10 fuel on the performance, fuel consumption, and emissions of a spark-ignition engine. Tests were carried out using a Toyota Avensis equipped with a 1ZZ-FE engine on a MAHA LPS 3000 chassis dynamometer. The engine was operated at 3000 rpm, at a vehicle speed of 50 km/h, and with an excess air ratio close to λ = 1. Four fuel cases were compared: E10H0, E10H05, E10H09, and E10H11. Results indicate that hydrogen addition reduced gasoline consumption and improved brake thermal efficiency."
	6.16. 25 May 2026, Nature Scientific Reports; Exploring multi-feedstock biodiesel–hydrogen synergies for enhanced diesel engine performance using hybrid AI techniques, "The contemporary study explores multiple feasible biodiesels (Mustard, Binola, Caster, Rapeseed, Canola, Peanut, Jatropha, and Thumba) based on composition and testing feasibility, so as to be inter-mixed with hydrogen gas, for improved engine performance and minimal effluents. Primary engine characteristics brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and multiple effluents of diesel engine were experimentally explored and compared for specific fuel sets. A hybrid methodology comprising of machine learning (k-means clustering) and prediction models is employed to find the optimal biodiesel among the variants, validated against ASTM standards."
	6.17. 22 May 2026, Nature Scientific Reports; Evaluation of hydrogen and oxygen mixture addition in internal combustion engines under real driving conditions, "This study presents the conversion of a state-of-the-art 2.4 L diesel engine for off-road applications to direct-injection hydrogen operation through an integrated numerical-experimental approach. Three-dimensional CFD simulations were employed to optimize hydrogen injection and mixture formation, with the scope of reducing mixture stratification, while requiring only minor design modifications ( from values greater than 45% to approximately 15–25%). Based on these results, a prototype engine was developed and experimentally tested."
	6.18. 11 May 2026, Elsevier Fuel Processing Technology; Assessing the retrofitability of direct-injection hydrogen technology for off-road engines: Numerical and experimental investigations, "This study presents the conversion of a state-of-the-art 2.4 L diesel engine for off-road applications to direct-injection hydrogen operation through an integrated numerical-experimental approach. Three-dimensional CFD simulations were employed to optimize hydrogen injection and mixture formation, with the scope of reducing mixture stratification, while requiring only minor design modifications ( from values greater than 45% to approximately 15–25%). Based on these results, a prototype engine was developed and experimentally tested."
	6.19. 04 May 2026, MDPI; Optimization Design of Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles, "This study proposes a power distribution optimization strategy based on Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient. The strategy targets a hybrid powertrain architecture dominated by a fuel cell and assisted by a lithium battery and a supercapacitor. By constructing a multi-dimensional state space that integrates vehicle speed, acceleration, the state of charge of the energy storage system, and load power demand, a multi-objective reward function encompassing hydrogen consumption, SOC deviation, system efficiency, and power fluctuation is designed to achieve dynamic power allocation in a continuous action space."
	6.20. 29 Apr 2026, Toyota; Toyota Hydrogen Solutions Achieves Key Certifications for Commercial Fuel Cell Units, "Toyota Hydrogen Solutions today announced that its fuel cells have earned ANSI/CSA FC 1 and ANSI/CSA FC 6 certification, bringing them one step closer to wider adoption for stationary power generator applications. These certifications are important milestones that validate the specific safety and compliance standards set forth by the American National Standards Institute and CSA Group, a worldwide standards organization based in Canada. Hydrogen fuel cells offer a solution that’s more eco-conscious than traditional internal combustion power generators."

► R7. APP: Aviation / UAS Industry (20)

	7.1. 08 Oct 2026, Elsevier Fuel; Mission-level H2 consumption modeling of a retrofitted Cessna 208B using ADS-B derived flight profiles "The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and operational efficiency of retrofitting a Cessna 208B aircraft with a H2-electric propulsion system for short-haul cargo operations. Unlike conventional studies relying on idealized flight profiles, this research leverages real-world Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast data sourced from Flightradar24 to simulate five actual flight missions. The methodology involved reconstructing second-by-second mission profiles through interpolation of non-uniform ADS-B time series, followed by high-resolution simulation of energy consumption and H2 fuel usage using a custom Python-based propulsion model. Key system components, including a PEMFC, motor, inverter and mechanical transmission, were modeled using fixed efficiencies."
	7.2. 21 Sep 2026, MDPI; Thermal-Structural Design and Assessment of a Composite Liquid-Hydrogen Tank for Regional Aircraft Applications "This study investigates the design, material selection, geometrical configuration, and numerical performance of a liquid-hydrogen storage tank intended for aerospace applications. A finite element modelling framework was developed to define the tank geometry, operating conditions, material properties, thermal boundary conditions, structural constraints, and composite failure criteria. Based on this framework, steady-state thermal and static structural simulations were carried out to evaluate the temperature distribution across the multilayer tank wall and the structural safety margin under internal pressure. Attention was given to the through-thickness thermal response of the liner, composite tank wall, and multilayer insulation."
	7.3. 13 Sep 2026, ArXiv; Topological Flame Bifurcation, Aerodynamic Flashback Margins, and Multi-Pathway NOx Scaling in a 3D Swirl-Stabilized 100% Pure Hydrogen Aero-Engine Combustor "This study investigates aerothermal holding mechanisms, flashback safety margins, and emission pathways in a dual-swirl combustor across equivalence ratios from 0.55 to 1.00. Three-dimensional simulations combine curvature-corrected shear-stress transport turbulence closure, dual-rate finite-rate and eddy-dissipation chemical kinetics, and discrete ordinates radiation, validated against experimental laser benchmarks using ASME grid standards. Advancing engine throttle triggers a topological flame transition from a faceplate-attached M-flame at lean idle to a lifted V-flame above equivalence ratio 0.895, while wall flashback safety indices consistently exceed 3.42."
	7.4. 11 Sep 2026, SSRN; Interpretable Health-state Estimation of Hydrogen-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cells under Aviation Dynamic Environments "Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising energy-conversion devices for future aviation power systems due to their high efficiency and fuel flexibility. However, health-state estimation under aviation dynamic environments remains challenging due to coupled variations in flight altitude, temperature, and pressure. To address this issue, an SOFC health-state estimation framework is proposed for aviation dynamic conditions. A one-dimensional dynamic SOFC model incorporating altitude, temperature, and pressure is first developed to represent aviation operating environments. Based on this model, multi-scale degradation mechanisms, including electrode delamination, fuel leakage, and Ni particle coarsening, are introduced to simulate degradation evolution under dynamic operating conditions. To enhance prediction accuracy and reduce input redundancy, SHAP-based feature selection is combined with a long short-term memory (LSTM) network for output-voltage prediction."
	7.5. 26 Aug 2026, ZeroAvia; ZeroAvia leads HyPRIME project to demonstrate hydrogen infrastructure for the future of commercial aviation "HyPRIME is a ZeroAvia-led, Department for Transport-supported project developing and demonstrating the hydrogen infrastructure needed to support future liquid hydrogen-powered commercial aircraft and zero-emission airport operations. Project HyPRIME (Hydrogen Propulsion Refuelling Infrastructure Mobile Ecosystem) will develop, build and demonstrate hydrogen refuelling infrastructure needed to support future liquid hydrogen (LH₂)-powered commercial aircraft, integrated with ULEMCo’s ‘MATT’ ground support equipment and GeoPura’s Hydrogen Powered Unit ‘HPU1’."
	7.6. 19 Aug 2026, MDPI; Propagation of Hydrogen-Subsystem Characteristics to Aircraft Level in a Liquid-Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Short-Range Aircraft "This paper presents an integrated conceptual design and technology-sensitivity assessment of a 101-passenger liquid-hydrogen fuel-cell aircraft, targeting a 1000 nmi design range and a 2040 entry into service, framed within the European Union FAME project. A JPAD-based aircraft sizing framework is coupled with a surrogate model for cryogenic tank sizing to investigate how selected hydrogen-subsystem characteristics propagate, through mission-fuel and tank-sizing convergence loops, to configuration-level performance and compliance with top-level aircraft requirements. The storage-system trade study identifies 2.0 bar as the most favourable sampled tank venting pressure; relative to the other investigated pressure levels, this solution reduces MTOM and design-mission block fuel by up to 8.1% and 9.2%, respectively."
	7.7. 13 Aug 2026, MDPI; Detailed Sensitivity and Multi-Level Design Studies on a Hydrogen-Hybrid Dual-Fuel Regional Aircraft Retrofit "This study dives into the conceptual design of a parallel-hybrid dual-fuel regional aircraft retrofit based on the D328eco. The assessed retrofit approach aims to extend airframe service life and reduce emissions by incorporating a novel propulsion system. By integrating high-temperature fuel cells (FCs) to assist conventional turboshaft engines, the powertrain reduces fuel consumption. Utilizing the Bauhaus Luftfahrt Aircraft Design Environment, various aircraft-level sensitivities and hybridization strategies were assessed. The fuel/payload ratio was identified as a key metric, and enabling FC support during diversion climb while minimizing that ratio shifted the corresponding hybridization degree from 20.3% to 37.2%."
	7.8. 03 Aug 2026, Elsevier Cryogenics; Experimental measurements of liquid hydrogen jet performance "This paper discusses the development of a liquid hydrogen venturi jet pump, including a reduced-order model for predicting pumping behavior, an experimental apparatus used to validate the model, and compares the model with experimental results. Key outcomes from the work include the ability to predict liquid hydrogen pump pressure, mass flow rate, and temperature with a maximum deviation of 21% using an empirical correction. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that a venturi jet pump can produce a net positive suction pressure of up to 0.4 bar, subcooling up to 0.4 K below the saturated temperature, and maintain a constant mass flow rate. This observation supports the viability of venturi jet pumps for liquid hydrogen-fueled aviation."
	7.9. 15 Jul 2026, Intelligent Energy; Heavy-lift drone powertrain debuts as hydrogen UAV orders hit record high "New heavy-lift drone powertrain unveiled as record order marks commercial milestone for H2 UAVs. New H2 fuel cell powertrain launched, targeting the growing market for long-range fixed-wing UAVs. Launch follows landmark order for IE-SOAR™ fuel cell systems, the company’s largest for H2 UAV propulsion technology to date. Announcements align with the UK’s Defence Investment Plan commitment to advanced uncrewed systems and a stronger UK drone industry"
	7.10. 07 Jul 2026, Airbus/MTU; Airbus and MTU Aero Engines to create a joint venture to develop a fully electric hydrogen fuel cell engine "The joint venture is driven by the partners shared ambition to create the technology leader in this field and provide the first H2--based fuel cell propulsion system to a commercial aircraft. It will combine Airbus’ extensive commercial aircraft programme knowledge, significant fuel cell propulsion and LH2 expertise with MTU’s multi-year fuel cell technology development and its recognised engine design, integration, validation and certification as well as maintenance expertise. Beyond the engine technologies, Airbus and MTU will continue to foster the emergence of a H2 aviation economy and the associated regulatory framework, which are also critical enablers to the advent of h2-powered flight at scale."
	7.11. 26 Jun 2026, MDPI; Sustainability Assessment of Liquid Hydrogen Aircraft Tanks "The study includes 24 design alternatives. These are obtained by changing the material combinations of the main structural components, while the overall tank architecture is kept unchanged. The environmental and economic dimensions are assessed through life-cycle assessment and life-cycle costing, whereas the technical dimension is represented by the system mass. Since the relative importance of the criteria is usually not fixed at this stage, Unweighted TOPSIS is first used to examine the alternatives under different weighting scenarios. The most competitive solutions are then re-evaluated by a standardised TOPSIS variant with objective weighting methods."
	7.12. 31 May 2026, MDPI; Fleet-Level Assessment of Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft Using Scenario-Based Modeling "This paper presents the main results of a fleet-level assessment of H2-powered aircraft defined within the H2Avia research project, focusing on their energy performance and climate impact. The assessment is based on a global, long-term fleet evolution framework using scenario-based inputs for an in-house model which applies linear optimization to minimize the energy component of direct operating costs and the climate impact of a global fleet. Different transition scenarios from fossil-based aviation toward an H2-powered aviation system are evaluated."
	7.13. 28 May 2026, MDPI; Performance Analysis of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems Under Different Air Compression Strategies for Aviation Applications "This study investigated aviation PEMFC systems employing different air compression strategies under aircraft operating conditions. Three air supply configurations were examined: no compressor, a single-stage compressor, and a double-stage compressor. Among these, the double-stage configuration most effectively improved the reactant supply and stack output at high altitudes. Although the double-stage configuration increased compressor parasitic power consumption and required additional heat rejection through intercooling, its higher gross stack output compensated for these penalties and produced the highest net output."
	7.14. 27 May 2026, MDPI; A Modular Assembly Concept for Large-Volume CFRP Hydrogen Tanks for Passenger Aircraft "This paper presents a novel modular assembly concept for large-volume Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) hydrogen tanks, supporting the aviation sector’s transition toward sustainable propulsion. Adhering to VDI 2221 and 2222 design methodologies, four assembly concepts were developed and then evaluated by Airbus, FFT, and Fraunhofer IFAM, to determine the best fit for industrial application. The “Modular Assembly System on Linear Axes” was identified as the best solution, characterized by superior process robustness and efficiency."
	7.15. 14 May 2026, MDPI; Estimation of Costs and Environmental Impacts of a Cryogenic H2 Tank "This study evaluates the environmental and economic performance of composite liquid hydrogen tanks for aircraft. A combined Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing approach was applied to two tank configurations from the HyStor and TACOMA projects, based on Automated Fiber Placement manufacturing data. Results show that tooling dominates prototype costs but becomes negligible in serial production, enabling reductions of up to 89%. The AFP process and carbon-fiber prepreg material are the main environmental impact drivers."
	7.16. 13 Apr 2026, MDPI; Selection Criteria for a Fuel-Cell-Based Propulsion Architecture of a Regional Box-Wing Aircraft "The foundation of the aircraft-design tasks in the DOXWING project is set by a representative, virtual model of the ATR72-500 regional aircraft. Following a calibration of the aircraft design software SUAVE by the Institute of Aircraft Design of the University of Stuttgart on publicly available aircraft data, this reference was then further modified to form the basis for all planned studies; as the entry into service of this modified version is assumed to be in the year 2045, technological advancements had to be integrated."
	7.17. 18 Mar 2026, SINTEF; Swapping batteries for hydrogen gives drones a whole new range "Researchers have built a drone that runs on hydrogen. This technology will enable us to fix power outages faster and replace dangerous helicopter missions with the new drones. In situations where battery-powered drones are too heavy and have too short a range, drones that run on hydrogen can solve these problems. Power outages are an example of how preparedness will be improved."
	7.18. 16 Mar 2026, Elsevier Progress in Aerospace Sciences; Liquid hydrogen in aviation: A critical review of usage and level sensing technologies "This paper aims to provide an extensive overview of LH fill level sensor technologies, significantly expanding upon previous research including novel measurement techniques and commenting on the technology readiness level. No fuel level sensor concept excels across all evaluation criteria. Therefore, the authors selected 6 out of the 22 measurement concepts presented in this study to be investigated further in order to advance their respective Technology Readiness Levels."
	7.19. 06 Mar 2026, Orange; Orange takes off on the first nonstop, zero-emission flight around the world "Flying around the world nonstop in just nine days, powered only by green hydrogen. That’s the challenge behind Climate Impulse.Designed to reach an average speed of 180 km/h, the aircraft will operate like a flying laboratory, enabling numerous technical breakthroughs. One of the biggest challenges is keeping hydrogen in liquid form at -253°C for the entire duration of the flight. To achieve this, ultra-insulated tanks act like high-performance thermoses, maintaining the extremely low temperature needed throughout the journey."
	7.20. 02 Feb 2026, MDPI; Parametric Sizing Model for Cryogenic Heat Exchangers for Early Aircraft Design "This paper presents a parametric sizing methodology for heat exchangers suitable for early design phases within a Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization (MDAO) framework, specifically for cryogenic heat transfer. The method combines physical equations with validated empirical relationships, using iterative solver algorithms for sizing. To address multi-variable design challenges, the methodology integrates discretization schemes for fluid properties, temperature, and energy calculations, and constraint-based optimization with a weighted-sum approach for solution selection."

► R8. APP: Defence / Military Industry (20)

	8.1. 07 Oct 2026, Skyeton; Skyeton Unveils Stormbird UAS: A Tactical Strike Platform / Hydrogen-Powered Hybrid Raybird UAV Completes Combat Missions in Ukraine "Stormbird has completed the codification process with the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and is certified and ready for wide operational use. The new platform is already being used by units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in combat, where it has demonstrated its operational reliability.. A hybrid version of the Skyeton’s unmanned aerial vehicle, featuring an electric motor powered by a hydrogen fuel cell, has entered full-scale combat duty with a unit of the Ukrainian Defense Forces. Since December 2025, as part of interagency testing, the unmanned aircraft has been performing missions in the combat zone. To utilize hydrogen effectively, Skyeton engineers developed a new airframe architecture for the Raybird, adapted for the integration of the new fuel system."
	8.2. 21 Sep 2026, Kelluu; Kelluu to triple airship production with a new factory in Joensuu, Finland "Kelluu is building a new production and R&D factory at GreenPark in Joensuu. It will triple the company's manufacturing capacity and take output to one hundred autonomous airships a year. The factory is due to be completed in summer 2027. This is no ordinary factory. It will build the world's most advanced airship fleet in series production, a fleet that can form a permanent data-gathering infrastructure in the sky. The technology is used in defence as well as in developing infrastructure and a range of environments. It also gives Finland something it has lacked until now: a series production line for autonomous aircraft. There is a lot of talk in Europe about self-reliant defence and surveillance capability. In Finland, for all the talk, drones have been left on the sidelines, and we lack a credible ability to build autonomous systems at scale ourselves. That is what we are building now. Credibility, and cutting-edge technology that can be integrated into the systems of different countries, says Kelluu CEO Janne Hietala."
	8.3. 16 Sep 2026, Cellular Robotics; Cellula Robotics and FERRI Launch Nautical Reach Systems to Advance Autonomous Marine Handling "An East Coast Canadian joint venture that will design and manufacture marine motion, lift and handling systems for autonomous maritime operations. Its portfolio will cover smart launch and recovery, along with complex payload handling across uncrewed surface and underwater vehicles. For naval, coast guard and offshore operators, autonomous platforms working beyond the horizon or far from conventional support depend on safe, reliable handling at sea. Nautical Reach Systems will engineer its solutions around the mission, host vessel and operating environment, including remote, harsh and Arctic conditions."
	8.4. 09 Sep 2026, MDPI; Thermodynamic Analysis of a Novel Designation of a Cascade Waste Heat Recovery Cycles for 100 MW Nuclear-Powered Vessels "Renewed interest in nuclear propulsion is also being driven by broader strategic and economic considerations. Nuclear systems can strengthen energy security by reducing reliance on volatile fossil-fuel markets and offering predictable long-term fuel costs. In addition, nuclear power aligns with emerging pathways toward a hydrogen-based energy ecosystem, where high-efficiency, low-carbon power sources play a critical role in supporting large-scale hydrogen production, storage, and distribution. Together, these factors position nuclear propulsion as a compelling option for achieving deep decarbonization in global maritime transport."
	8.5. 07 Sep 2026, Kelluu; Kelluu selected for Canada's Defence Drone Initiative "Canada's Defence Investment Agency, which runs defence procurement for the country, has selected Kelluu's Canadian subsidiary Kelluu Canada Ltd. as a qualified supplier under the Defence Drone Initiative. Canadian defence authorities can now request quotes and place orders with Kelluu directly, without running a separate competition. The arrangement runs to the end of July 2031. Canada launched the programme in July 2026 to speed up how fast its armed forces get uncrewed systems into the field. Kelluu is the only airship company among the suppliers named so far. The others include defence primes such as Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems and Rheinmetall."
	8.6. 28 Jul 2026, Kelluu; Kelluu expands to Canada, brings persistent airship surveillance to the Arctic "Kelluu, the Finnish company behind the world's largest autonomous airship fleet, is expanding into Canada. The new location is at Area X.O in Ottawa, Canada's national hub for defence innovation. It brings together world-class industry, government, the Canadian Armed Forces, and research institutions to accelerate the development and adoption of next-generation capabilities. We are pleased to welcome Kelluu to Canada's defence and security ecosystem and look forward to strengthening collaboration between Canada and Finland as we advance innovation for Arctic security, resilience, and operational readiness," said Jens Michael Schaal, Vice President at Invest Ottawa."
	8.7. 08 Jul 2026, NautiGEN; NautiGEN Launches Hydrogen Power Solutions for Maritime Operations, Autonomous Systems and Subsea Applications "The technology base has already been demonstrated in a subsea environment. The fuel cell system powered Cellula Robotics’ Envoy AUV through a more than 2,000 km fully submerged mission over 385 hours of continuous operation, including over 4,000 non-linear maneuvers. The mission demonstrated how fuel cell power can support longer-range transit, extended time on task and fewer recovery events between missions. NautiGEN’s systems are also being developed for lower-impact maritime power. Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity without combustion, with water as the primary by-product. The technology draws on Infinity’s experience in demanding power applications, including NASA programs, and uses a modular 2 kW core architecture that can be integrated in parallel for higher power requirements."
	8.8. 08 Jul 2026, ZeroAvia; ZeroAvia and Marshall Aerospace Announce Strategic Collaboration to Explore Hydrogen-Electric Capability for Defence Platforms "ZeroAvia and Marshall Aerospace have announced the start of a strategic collaboration to explore hydrogen‑electric capability for future defence applications. The collaboration seeks to combine ZeroAvia’s flight-tested hydrogenelectric power and propulsion system technologies with Marshall’s long-standing expertise in military aircraft modification, integration, certification, and complex fuel systems. Together, the two UK aerospace companies will explore how these capabilities can be combined in practical settings. A range of applications will be jointly explored for hydrogen‑electric technology in defence, drawing on the two companies’ complementary capabilities to support solutions for customers."
	8.9. 24 May 2026, RAF; RAF Invests in Off-Grid Energy to Strengthen Operational Resilience "GeoPura has been awarded a flagship contract by the Royal Air Force to deliver zero-emission electric vehicle charging infrastructure designed to operate independently of the grid, strengthening energy resilience across key Ministry of Defence sites whilst accelerating the transition to sustainable, low-carbon operations. Acting as prime contractor, GeoPura is leading the delivery of integrated EV charging hubs that combine solar generation, hydrogen power and battery storage with advanced charging systems. "
	8.10. 21 Apr 2026, Cellular Robotics; Cellula’s Envoy AUV Exceeds 2,000 km Submerged on Hydrogen Fuel Cell Power "Cellula Robotics Ltd has demonstrated more than 2,000 km of fully submerged endurance with its Envoy Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), powered by a hydrogen fuel cell, exceeding the platform’s published performance specification in a representative underwater mission profile. Completed fully submerged, the mission provides a realistic indication of usable underwater range beyond a straight-line transit figure."
	8.11. 14 Mar 2026, Elsevier Defence Technology; Ultra heat-resistant hydrogen-bonded organic framework: Breaking the thermal stability limit of high-energy materials "In this work, we develop an innovative electronic delocalization strategy to design and synthesize a planar dizwitterionic diamino-bistriazolotetrazine, designated as TYX-1. The unique structural feature of TYX-1, including a nitrogen-rich fused ring system, planar conformation, and dizwitterionic configuration, combined with its hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) structure, confer exceptional thermal stability (The onset temperature is 428 °C, and the peak temperature is 473 °C), high density (1.84 g/cm3), and remarkable detonation performance (detonation velocity: 8616 m/s)."
	8.12. 29 Oct 2025, ZeroAvia; ZeroAvia - Hydrogen in Defense Whitepaper '25 "This whitepaper explores the transformative potential of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies in defense applications, highlighting their unique advantages in energy density, stealth, operational flexibility, reduced maintenance cost and tactical portability. In this paper we outline how hydrogen can support extended mission endurance, reduce logistical vulnerabilities, and enable energy independence in contested environments."
	8.13. 15 Oct 2025, ZeroAvia; ZeroAvia Ships First Flight Intent SuperStack Flex Fuel Cell System to Defense Sector Customer "ZeroAvia has shipped its first flight intent SuperStack Flex modular low temperature PEM fuel cell system to a customer in the defense sector. The system has been fully qualified against the customer’s airworthiness requirements. ZeroAvia’s SuperStack Flex is a modular fuel cell power generation system that can be configured to meet specific customer power needs while maintaining high power-to-weight ratio and highly flexible configuration."
	8.14. 09 Aug 2025, Elsevier Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews; Drone endurance in hydrogen fuel cell hybrid technologies: Power architectures and design strategies "This study delivers an exhaustive exploration of novel and hybrid power systems for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) aimed at improving endurance, efficiency, and mission performance. In the wake of increasing requirements for long-endurance and high-performance UAVs,"
	8.15. 06 Aug 2025, US Naval Research Laboratory; Naval Research Hydrogen Tech Goes Tactical "NRL has prototyped a Hydrogen Small Unit Power (H-SUP) system to reduce detectability and improve readiness of Marine Corps in expeditionary warfare operations. NRL’s H-SUP is a portable fuel cell electric generator with greater energy per weight than batteries and lower audible and thermal signatures than combustion generators."
	8.16. 25 Jun 2025, DTIC, Technical Report; Performance of a Hydrogen Pulsed Electrothermal Thruster, Strategic Defense Initiative "This report describes an SBIR Phase 1 effort to determine the technical feasibility of measuring the performance of a hydrogen pulsed electrothermal thruster on liquid hydrogen propellent, and the design of a 5kW thruster is presented."
	8.17. 20 Apr 2025, SCMP; China tests non-nuclear hydrogen bomb, science paper shows "Chinese researchers have successfully detonated a hydrogen-based explosive device in a controlled field test, triggering devastating chemical chain reactions without using any nuclear materials, according to a study published last month. The 2kg bomb generated a fireball exceeding 1,000 degrees Celsius for more than two seconds – 15 x equivalent TNT blast. Developed by the China State Shipbuilding Corporation’s 705 Research Institute, a key player in underwater weapon systems, the device uses a magnesium-based solid-state hydrogen storage material." Past research: 11 May 2022, ScienceDirect, H2-storage emulsion explosives
	8.18. 09 Apr 2025, Global Times; China’s 50kg-class hydrogen-powered drone sets new domestic record with 30-hour continuous flight "The drone, jointly developed by the Chengdu Aircraft Industrial Group Co under the Aviation Industry Corporation of China, a state-owned aerospace and defense conglomerate, and Tsinghua University, achieved a breakthrough in the integrated design technology of flight, propulsion and control systems based on the output characteristics of hydrogen fuel cells."
	8.19. 25 Mar 2025, ZeroAvia; ZeroAvia Awarded U.S. Airforce Grant for an Autonomous Hydrogen-Electric Aircraft "ZeroAvia will analyze the potential for developing and delivering an 8,000 lb autonomous aircraft with hydrogen-electric propulsion for reduced engine noise and low thermal signature, thus significantly reducing detectability. Hydrogen fuel cells are a promising technology for improving the range, duration and turnaround time of a range of electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicles"
	8.20. 19 Mar 2025, NovaSpark; Prototypes Delivered for DIU’s HyTEC Project for Operational Testing and Evaluation "The first Hydrogen at the Tactical Edge of Contested Logistics (HyTEC) prototype systems have recently been delivered to Marine Corps units on Marine Corps Base Hawaii and Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Yuma for operator testing and evaluation."

► R9. APP: Marine / Maritime Industry (20)

	9.1. 12 Oct 2026, Fraunhofer IMM; Fraunhofer IMM to showcase diesel reformer for maritime power generation - Hydrogen supply at the point of use "Hydrogen supply at the point of use - The development work addressed a practical challenge: Using fuel cells in mobile applications requires a reliable hydrogen supply. On vessels, the available installation space and the amount of fuel that must be carried are also key considerations. Converting diesel at the point of use can enable fuel cell operation without the need to store hydrogen separately. IMM is also investigating how synthetic diesel fuels can be used to produce hydrogen in the reformer. The goal is to enable suitable synthetic fuels, alongside conventional diesel, to supply a fuel cell in the future."
	9.2. 28 Sep 2026, Nature Scientific Reports; Multi-criteria decision analysis for route prioritization of hydrogen shipping corridors to support maritime decarbonization "The purpose of this study is to prioritize international maritime cargo routes for hydrogen corridor deployment by assessing the feasibility of decarbonizing maritime cargo shipping routes between Türkiye and Hamburg using a multi-criteria decision analysis framework. Because the evaluation encompasses technical, operational, economic, and environmental factors, MCDA is necessary due to the complexity of the decision-making process. Route 2 is the most practical alternative according to the results of AHP and TOPSIS, mostly because of operational factors including engine number, refueling stops and port proximity. This suggests that while sustainability objectives (such as the Paris Agreement, CBAM) guide the shift, operational concerns play a key role in developing potential hydrogen deployment pathways."
	9.3. 18 Sep 2026, NEDO; World’s First Hydrogen-Fueled Engine for Large Commercial Vessels Successfully Completes Land-Based Testing "During factory testing, the engine achieved a hydrogen co-firing rate of at least 95%, reducing GHG emissions by more than 95% compared with conventional heavy-fuel-oil engines. Going forward, as part of the “Blue Harmony” project, the engine will be installed on a 17,500 DWT multipurpose vessel to be built by Onomichi Dockyard Co., Ltd. for Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. and MOL Drybulk Ltd., with onboard demonstration testing scheduled to begin in April 2028. In addition, Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (Hereafter, “ClassNK”) will conduct safety assessments throughout each stage of the engine’s development and the vessel’s design, construction and operation."
	9.4. 16 Sep 2026, MDPI; Power-Deficit-Constrained Hierarchical Energy Management for Hydrogen–Electric Ships "We aim to meet the energy-management requirements of hydrogen–electric hybrid ships under complex navigation conditions, a hierarchical energy-management framework is constructed, in which power deficit is explicitly treated as a constraint and improving power supply continuity is taken as the objective. The proposed framework divides the energy-management process into two layers: upper-level policy regulation and lower-level real-time optimization. The upper layer dynamically adjusts the control parameters according to load variations, energy storage states, and power deficits, while the lower layer employs ECMS to achieve real-time power allocation among the fuel cell, battery, and diesel generator. In this way, the adaptability of the system to load fluctuations and operating-condition variations is improved."
	9.5. 31 Aug 2026, MDPI; A High-Productivity and Near-Zero-CO Cu-Based Spinel/CeO2 Catalyst for On-Board Hydrogen Generation: Towards Sustainable Future Marine Fuels "In the current situation of carbon reduction in the shipping industry, hydrogen as a future energy source is the key to hydrogen-powered ships. Onboard methanol steam reforming (MSR) hydrogen production technology is of great significance in solving the hydrogen safety issues of hydrogen-powered ships. The key to this technology is to obtain MSR catalysts with lower CO selectivity and higher hydrogen production performance for use as hydrogen sources in high-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs). A new Cu0.75Mg0.25Ga0.7Fe1.3O4 spinel catalyst was synthesized and subsequently dispersed at a nominal loading of 15 wt% onto three distinct oxide supports: CeO2, ZrO2, and Cr2O3. The synthesized samples were characterized, and their catalytic behavior in MSR was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor. The results establish that the loading procedure leaves the bulk spinel structure intact."
	9.6. 22 Jul 2026, PosHYdon; PosHYdon: first production of green hydrogen on operational North Sea platform "The innovative PosHYdon pilot project has successfully produced green hydrogen on the operational offshore platform Q13a-A, operated by Eni Energy Netherlands. PosHYdon is the first project in the world to combine offshore wind power, hydrogen production, and natural gas production at sea. The project was made possible through the support of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy, EBN (Energie Beheer Nederland), TNO, and a broad consortium of suppliers and partners. The Q13a-A platform, located approximately 13 kilometers off the coast of Scheveningen, is the first fully electrified production platform in the Dutch part of the North Sea. Here, seawater is converted into demineralised water, which is subsequently transformed into hydrogen through electrolysis."
	9.7. 07 Jul 2026, HyShip; Oslo-Rotterdam shipping route to demonstrate liquid hydrogen in EU "Samskip’s SeaShuttle container ship becomes the new demonstrator in the EU-funded HyShip project, marking an important step towards making zero-emission short sea shipping a commercial reality. The move gives HyShip a real-world application on a key freight route between Oslo and Rotterdam, linking liquid hydrogen innovation to vessels already under construction for commercial operation. By integrating onboard hydrogen storage systems with quayside bunkering systems, the project tackles one of the key challenges in scaling hydrogen-powered shipping: connecting fuel supply and port infrastructure with vessel operations. This brings zero-emission freight transport one step closer to commercial deployment."
	9.8. 29 Jun 2026, Elsevier Energy Conversion and Management; Comparative multi-criteria assessment of electro-fuel-based marine power systems for container ships "This study presents an integrated assessment of electro-fuel-based retrofit power systems for a deep-sea container ship, combining high-fidelity dynamic energy modelling, life-cycle environmental assessment, techno-economic analysis, IMO regulatory compliance assessment, multi-criteria decision analysis, and uncertainty quantification. Six retrofit configurations, comprising e-ammonia, e-methanol, and e-liquid hydrogen in dual-fuel engine and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems, are evaluated against a conventional diesel baseline using a real operational profile. Dynamic energy analysis reveals that ammonia cracking and methanol steam reforming reduce PEMFC efficiency by 3–9 % relative to direct hydrogen operation, substantially reducing the efficiency advantage of hydrogen-carrier fuels."
	9.9. 25 Jun 2026, Wartsila; New consortium drives hydrogen adoption through advanced material innovation "A new consortium called MatH2 has been launched to unlock material technology barriers to hydrogen adoption. Widespread adoption of hydrogen is currently hampered by storage, transport and infrastructure challenges, due to its low density and effects on metals. The MatH2 consortium aims to address the industry’s urgent need to validate safe, hydrogen compatible materials, by creating a new portfolio of affordable materials and components that withstand hydrogen and other chemicals key to the hydrogen economy, and technologies to enable them."
	9.10. 31 May 2025, MDPI; Stochastic Optimal Energy Management of a Shore-Side Renewable Hydrogen Supply System for Hydrogen-Based Marine Vessels "In this study, a stochastic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP)-based energy management framework is proposed for a shore-side renewable hydrogen supply system integrating photovoltaic (PV) and wind generation, electrolyzer (EL), fuel cell (FC), hydrogen storage, and electricity–hydrogen trading. The model incorporates uncertainties in RESs, electricity prices, and hydrogen demand through a scenario-based approach, enabling adaptive and coordinated system operation. The results indicate that effective coordination of RESs and conversion units significantly improves system performance."
	9.11. 29 May 2026, MDPI; Ship Electric Propulsion Based on Hydrogen Fuel Cell, Batteries, PVs and WASP: Energy Management, Dynamics and Converter-Driven Stability "This paper presents a complete analysis and simulation of the operation of a zero-emission marine vessel with electric propulsion. A hypothetical passenger ferry operating in the Aegean Sea, Greece, is considered, which is powered by a hydrogen fuel cell, a battery energy storage system (BESS) and photovoltaic (PV) energy. Wind-assisted ship propulsion (WASP) is employed to reduce the energy consumption of the ship. A complete analysis is performed, which includes optimal energy management, dynamic analysis and emerging stability concerns due to the high integration of power electronic converters in the shipboard microgrid."
	9.12. 06 May 2026, Elsevier Transformative Energy; Research progress in hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, and hydrogen fuel cells for marine power systems "This review examines recent progress in hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, and hydrogen fuel cells for ship and offshore applications from a marine engineering perspective. In terms of hydrogen production, methane and methanol reforming can support transitional onboard supply, whereas water electrolysis offers a more suitable route for low-carbon systems; among the major electrolysis technologies, AWE and PEMWE are currently more relevant to near-term marine deployment, while SOE shows potential for large-scale systems with available waste heat."
	9.13. 27 Apr 2026, MDPI; Analysis of a Boil-Off Gas Recovery System for Liquid Hydrogen Vessel Shipping with Cryogenic Compressed Hydrogen Storage "This study develops a cryogenic compression recovery and storage system for BOG generated during the marine transport of 160,000 m3 liquid hydrogen. The core process involves compressing a portion of the BOG and subsequently utilizing the BOG’s inherent cold energy to cool the compressed hydrogen, ultimately enabling the storage of the final cryogenic compressed hydrogen product. ASPEN-PLUS software was employed to analyze the proposed system’s specific energy consumption (SEC) and ψ (hydrogen density/SEC) for producing cryogenic compressed hydrogen across a temperature range of 53 to 110 K and a pressure range of 40 to 100 MPa."
	9.14. 16 Apr 2026, ArXiv; Degradation-aware Predictive Energy Management for Fuel Cell-Battery Ship Power System with Data-driven Load Forecasting "This work shows that the real onboard measurements of the vessel can be utilized to make accurate load predictions over 15min. Results indicate that the degradation-aware, predictive control simultaneously reduces the hydrogen consumption by up to 5.8% and the cell degradation by up to 36.4% with an aged fuel cell system when compared to a filter-based benchmark applied to real operating data of the harbor tug. With an increased prediction horizon of 1h, further significant reductions of 3.8% and 14.0% could be shown."
	9.15. 02 Apr 2026, SSRN; An BERT-DeePC energy management strategy for hydrogen-powered zero-carbon ships based on operating condition prediction and multi-hydrogen fuel cell stack life consistency "This article combines HPZCS operating condition prediction and proposes an EMS that combines bidirectional encoder representations from transformers and data-enabled predictive control for the initial energy allocation of M-HFC and LIB, followed by secondary allocation of individual HFC based on lifetime consistency criteria. Firstly, an adaptive Kalman filter model (AKF) is used for HPZCS operating condition prediction. The condition prediction data is used as the disturbance input of the DeePC model, and together with the control input vector and output vector of the system, a Hankel optimization matrix is constructed."
	9.16. 12 Mar 2026, DNV; DNV study for EMSA calls for design‑based safety approach for hydrogen‑fuelled ships "DNV has delivered the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) commissioned multi-year study “Safety of hydrogen for use in ships,” culminating in a final report and a non‑mandatory guidance document. The study concludes that design-based safety is required for hydrogen-fuelled ships and recommends secondary enclosures across all hydrogen carrying components, including on open deck."
	9.17. 12 Mar 2026, MDPI; Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Marine Diesel-Ignited Ammonia Engine Blended with Ammonia-Derived Hydrogen-Containing Fuel "This study presents experimental and simulation investigations of a diesel-ignited ammonia engine operating with hydrogen-containing fuels derived from ammonia decomposition at various blending ratios. The combustion and emission characteristics of the engine were systematically examined, and a comparative analysis was conducted on the combustion behavior of the engine between using ammonia decomposition-derived hydrogen-containing fuel and pure hydrogen."
	9.18. 30 Jan 2026, Elsevier Ocean Engineering; Feasibility assessment of zero-emission high-speed passenger vessels using optimal energy scheduling and power allocation "This study investigates whether a conventional HSPV can be retrofitted with a zero-emission power system by evaluating two approaches: iterative vessel redesign and fixed-size retrofit. The iterative approach, employing a resistance model and an optimization-based energy management method with high computational efficiency, adjusts vessel dimensions to accommodate the added weight of two different hybrid power system configurations."
	9.19. 31 Dec 2025, MDPI; Machine Learning Applications in Fuel Reforming for Hydrogen Production in Marine Propulsion Systems "This paper conducts a comprehensive review of the recent progress in the application of machine learning in fuel reforming hydrogen production technology. In the realm of catalysts, machine learning has expedited the design of efficient catalysts via high-throughput screening, performance prediction, and active site regulation. In reaction modeling, machine learning has facilitated the development of multi-scale kinetic models, enhancing the interpretability and predictive accuracy of reaction pathways."
	9.20. 15 Dec 2025, ABB / HDF Energy; ABB and HDF Energy to develop high-power fuel cell unit for large seagoing ships "ABB and HDF Energy have signed a joint-development agreement (JDA) to develop a high-power fuel cell unit for marine applications. Enabling megawatt-scale hydrogen fuel cells, the project anticipates installations on board several vessel types, even large seagoing vessels such as container feeder ships and liquefied hydrogen carriers."

► R10. APP: Sustainable Metallurgy Industry (20)

	10.1. 18 Oct 2026, MDPI; Exposure-History-Dependent Hydrogen Retention and Release in 100Cr6 Steel and Their Implications for Bearing Design "This study examines operational hydrogen memory in hardened 100Cr6 bearing steel using an analytical model constrained by published room-temperature effusion and FE8 accumulation measurements. The primary single-exponential retention model has an apparent room-temperature half-life of 63.4 h; an added fast decay was poorly identifiable. An effective input inferred from the 30 h FE8 measurement reproduced the 50 h increment within 0.3% as a conditional source-scale check. For 10 h of input at 0.005 ppm per hour followed by a 40 h interruption, the first interruption removed 35.4% of the releasable hydrogen. The post-interruption residual increased from 0.0306 ppm after the first cycle to 0.0725 ppm after 12 cycles, approaching a periodic value of 0.0726 ppm. When cumulative input and interruption times were both fixed at 120 h, replacing one long input–interruption pair with 24 shorter pairs increased the final releasable hydrogen content from 0.0899 to 0.2062 ppm."
	10.2. 15 Oct 2026, Elsevier Progress in Materials Science; From embrittlement to enhancement: pathway toward using hydrogen as a beneficial interstitial solute element in austenitic steels "This review critically examines the fundamental mechanisms underlying this paradoxical yet promising behavior, with particular emphasis on H2-enhanced twinning, hydrogen-enhanced densified twinning, hydrogen-enhanced microbanding, and H2 solid-solution strengthening. The roles of stacking fault energy, grain size, precipitation (κ-carbide, B2 intermetallic), and H2 charging protocol (electrochemical vs. gaseous charging; pre-charging vs. in-situ) on the operative mechanism and net mechanical response are systematically discussed. A key conclusion is that the transition from H2 embrittlement to hydrogen-enhanced mechanical properties is governed by a multi-dimensional parameter space that has not yet been fully mapped. These findings provide a scientific basis for a conceptual reorientation in designing alloy compositions and microstructures that may promote beneficial hydrogen–defect interactions under controlled or even in-service H2 exposure while suppressing embrittlement."
	10.3. 13 Oct 2026, MDPI; Effect of Trap Spatial Distribution on Equilibrium Hydrogen Partitioning in Bearing Steel During Loaded Standstill "We examine how trap spatial distribution changes equilibrium lattice H2 at equal total trap capacity. Using the published 100Cr6–81104-TV configuration and a selected total inventory of 1.5 wppm, fixed profiles were compared under maintained chemical potential and retained inventory. Established equilibrium relations were used to derive capacity and occupancy-dependent concentration bounds, including finite limits on local trap density. Under retained inventory, allocating traps to locations with a higher occupancy at a common activity increased storage and lowered lattice H2. At the maintained chemical potential, the trap position changed the trapped H2 but left the lattice H2 unchanged. At 90 °C, the low-capacity benchmark gave a negligible positional effect. A theoretical capacity-matched state gave a 3.07% difference between two layers, while the density-limited mean range was 19.28%. Inventory, binding-energy, and residual-stress sensitivities identify the conditions governing these comparisons."
	10.4. 10 Oct 2026, ACS Omega; Hydrogen Blending in Natural Gas: Technologies and Challenges "In this paper, a comprehensive review of the technologies and challenges associated with hydrogen-blended natural gas (HBNG) systems is provided. The background, hydrogen production pathways, blending technologies, and implementation strategies of HBNG were systematically reviewed, while the effects of hydrogen addition on gas properties, pipeline transportation systems, and end-use applications were critically examined. The results indicate that HBNG technologies are gradually evolving from low-concentration feasibility studies toward high-hydrogen-ratio applications. At elevated hydrogen blending levels, major technical challenges include hydrogen embrittlement of pipeline materials, leakage and explosion risks, combustion stability control, and determination of hydrogen blending ratios. Besides, high hydrogen production costs, infrastructure retrofitting requirements, and the lack of harmonized international standards continue to hinder large-scale deployment."
	10.5. 09 Oct 2026, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Effects of hydrogen–coal mixing on NOx formation during partial decarbonisation of rotary kiln iron ore induration - pilot-scale experiments using spectroscopy and video analysis "This pilot-scale study examines hydrogen–coal co-firing at 0–65% hydrogen energy substitution in a 580-kW furnace representative of industrial iron-ore kiln systems. Five burner families, comprising six tested configurations, varied the relative positions, injection directions and velocities of hydrogen, coal and primary air. Relative to the pure-coal case, outlet NOx decreased by 15–24% at 20% hydrogen substitution; at 40% substitution, the change ranged from a 5% reduction to a 31% increase; and at 60–65% substitution, NOx increased by 42–97%. The emission performance is associated with changes in fuel NOx and thermal NOx formation, supported by apparent coal-ignition distance, apparent line-of-sight temperature, plume structure and local oxygen availability."
	10.6. 07 Oct 2026, ArXiv; Universal orbital-coupling rules for hydrogen-defect interactions in bcc metals "Hydrogen-defect interactions control the performance of body-centered-cubic (bcc) metals. However, the complex variations among defects lead to various empirical models that lack transferability across defects. Here, we propose an orbital-coupling model, built on coordination number and interatomic distance, that quantifies the H solution energetics across nanovoids, vacancy loops and grain boundaries in bcc metals, and even predicts the potential-energy surfaces of H at nanovoids. Our model reveals an unconventional s-d coupling rule in the confined environment of defects: H-metal interactions exhibit a unique coordination-dependent law, whereas H-H interactions, deviating from the usually speculated s-s coupling, acquire the distance-decay law of H-metal coupling. This unusual rule proves essential to reproduce the experimentally observed bimodal profile of H desorption. Our electronic-structure-origin, unified model is thus crucial to understanding the nature of chemical bonds under constraint and engineering the H-tolerant materials."
	10.7. 29 Sep 2026, MDPI; Multiphysics Modeling of Stress–Hydrogen Diffusion Interaction in X80 Pipeline Steel Containing Double Notches "The present study develops a coupled multiphysics finite element model that integrates solid mechanics with hydrogen diffusion to investigate the synergistic effects of double-notch geometry and spatial configuration on stress distribution and hydrogen transport in X80 pipeline steel. The influences of notch angle, depth, shape, spacing, and number are systematically analyzed to clarify their roles in stress concentration, hydrogen accumulation, and embrittlement susceptibility. By elucidating the coupled evolution mechanisms of stress and hydrogen concentration fields in multi-defect systems, this work provides theoretical insight and practical guidance for defect tolerance assessment, structural integrity management, and optimized design of pipelines for safe hydrogen transportation."
	10.8. 28 Sep 2026, MDPI; Multiphysics Modeling of Stress–Hydrogen Diffusion Interaction in X80 Pipeline Steel Containing Double Notches "The present study develops a coupled multiphysics finite element model that integrates solid mechanics with hydrogen diffusion to investigate the synergistic effects of double-notch geometry and spatial configuration on stress distribution and hydrogen transport in X80 pipeline steel. The influences of notch angle, depth, shape, spacing, and number are systematically analyzed to clarify their roles in stress concentration, hydrogen accumulation, and embrittlement susceptibility. By elucidating the coupled evolution mechanisms of stress and hydrogen concentration fields in multi-defect systems, this work provides theoretical insight and practical guidance for defect tolerance assessment, structural integrity management, and optimized design of pipelines for safe hydrogen transportation."
	10.9. 24 Sep 2026, Elsevier Corrosion Science; Temperature-dependent hydrogen uptake in pure iron: the role of the native oxide and interfacial trapping "Here, pure iron was exposed to 1 bar H₂ using either uniform heating from room temperature to 700 °C or a two-stage protocol involving pre-reduction at 700 °C followed by exposure at lower temperature. Hydrogen depth profiles were measured by ToF-SIMS, while XPS and in situ XRD were used to characterize the nature of the initial oxide and its evolution under hydrogen. Under uniform heating, no significant hydrogen penetration into the iron substrate was detected up to 400 °C, confirming the barrier effect of the native oxide. Hydrogen uptake became measurable at 450–550 °C but was not enhanced at 650–700 °C. In contrast, pre-reduction at 700 °C markedly increased hydrogen uptake during subsequent exposure at 400–600 °C."
	10.10. 22 Sep 2026, Nature NPJ Materials Degradation; Thermodynamic competition and hydrogen redistribution by coherent nanoprecipitates in high-strength steels "Here, the effect of Cu-rich precipitate evolution (B2 → BCC/9 R → FCC) on HE in low-alloy steels containing 0.2–1.7 wt.% Cu was systematically investigated. The 1.0Cu steel exhibited the lowest H2 embrittlement index (IHE = 1.4%) and the best ductility retention. Density functional theory calculations combined with transmission electron microscopy showed that coherent/semi-coherent BCC/9R Cu-rich precipitate interfaces have a low H2 solution energy (−0.202 eV), making them thermodynamically favorable hydrogen-trapping sites. These interfaces may competitively trap H2 relative to dislocation-associated sites during deformation, thereby promoting H2 redistribution and reducing dislocation-mediated H2 transport and HELP-related localized plasticity. In contrast, the 1.7Cu steel, despite its higher apparent H2 concentration (1.4 × 10−6 mol/cm3), contains coarser FCC-related precipitates that introduce local stress concentrations and promote detrimental H2 accumulation."
	10.11. 22 Sep 2026, SSRN; An experimental investigation of fretting damage and fatigue behavior of quenched and tempered steel in hydrogen gas "This study investigated the effect of hydrogen gas environment on the fretting fatigue behavior of self-mated quenched and tempered martensitic steel using a bridge-type bending fretting fatigue testing machine. Fretting fatigue tests were performed in laboratory air and hydrogen gas at a nominal contact pressure of 100 MPa, a stress ratio of -1, and a loading frequency of 10 Hz under a range of bulk stress amplitudes. In addition, the evolution of the tangential force coefficient and fretting-induced surface damage were studied to understand the governing damage mechanisms.The hydrogen gas increased the fretting fatigue life compared with air and exhibited a higher fretting fatigue limit within the adopted run-out criterion of 3×106 cycles. During the fretting tests, the tangential force coefficients were mostly higher in H₂ than in air, and its peak value increased with increasing nominal stress amplitude in both environments."
	10.12. 22 Sep 2026, Springer Nature, Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy; Hydrogen-Based Fluidized Bed Direct Reduction of Iron Ore: Fundamentals, Process Evolution, and Industrial Challenges "This review provides a comprehensive assessment of fluidized bed (FB) technologies for Fe ore reduction, with a particular focus on their applicability to H2-based direct-reduced Fe production. The fundamental thermodynamics and kinetics of Fe oxide reduction are discussed, alongside key aspects of particle behavior and fluidization regimes relevant to fine ores. A detailed historical and technical overview of major FB direct-reduction and smelting-reduction processes (including FIOR, FINMET, FINEX, HIFRI, HYFOR, HyREX, NU-Iron, H-Iron, Iron-Carbide, Circored, and Circofer) is presented, highlighting their operating principles, performance, and industrial outcomes. This review concludes by assessing the key operational challenges associated with fluidized bed reduction, particularly under H2-rich conditions, and by summarizing recent laboratory- and pilot-scale developments aimed at overcoming these limitations and enabling industrial deployment."
	10.13. 22 Sep 2026, MDPI; Decarbonizing Steel Industry via Hydrogen: A Techno-Economic Evaluation "This study presents a techno-economic and environmental assessment of converting the 6 Mt/yr (suggested) Taranto steel plant in Italy from a legacy blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route to a green hydrogen direct reduced-iron electric-arc-furnaceconfiguration. A model integrating hydrogen production, process simulation, discounted cash flow analysis, optimization, and Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis is developed. The proposed system uses a 2.16 GW anion exchange membrane water electrolysis facility. Under the stated baseline assumptions EUR 750/kW electrolyzer CAPEX and an electricity price of EUR 50/MWh, the estimated gross and net levelized costs of hydrogen are 2.92 and EUR 2.52/kgH2, respectively, after accounting for oxygen byproduct revenue. The resulting levelized cost of green steel is approximately EUR 603/t."
	10.14. 19 Sep 2026, Elsevier Surface and Coatings Technology; In situ characterization of the hydrogen permeation barrier performance of MoNbTaWZr high entropy alloy coatings "Here new metallic and nitride MoNbTaWZr RHEA coatings were synthesized by HiPIMS and a metallic RHEA was synthesized by DCMS to enable a direct comparison between the deposition techniques. The recently introduced side charging cell was employed for the first time to assess the HPB performance, enabling in situ measurements of time-resolved changes within the steel substrate. The cell was employed during both in situ electrochemical nanoindentation and electrochemical X-ray diffraction experiments to monitor H2-induced hardness evolution and lattice expansion, respectively. These responses serve as indicators of hydrogen presence in the steel substrate [37] and thus allow conclusions to be drawn regarding the permeability of the HPB by comparison between coated and uncoated substrates."
	10.15. 18 Sep 2026, MDPI; The Effect of Cu-Rich Nano-Precipitation on Hydrogen Embrittlement Performance in a Cu-Bearing Ultra-Low Carbon Steel "Combined with our experimental microstructure-property results and previous published literature, this improvement is inferred to originate from the hydrogen-trapping effect of adequately grown Cu-rich precipitates, together with a substantial decrease in mobile dislocation density. Excessively long tempering (2 h) induced irreversible temper brittleness and grain boundary deterioration, which aggravated the hydrogen-induced plastic degradation. This work clarified the coupled regulation mechanism of the Cu precipitate morphology, dislocation configuration, and temper brittleness on the HE performance of low-carbon marine steel, providing a reliable theoretical basis for the process optimization and anti-hydrogen damage performance improvement of high-strength marine steels."
	10.16. 09 Sep 2026, Frontiers; Mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement, mitigation strategies, and emerging materials for hydrogen energy and advanced manufacturing "This review compares and contrasts promising emerging materials for hydrogen energy and advanced manufacturing, such as high-entropy alloys, additively manufactured alloys, and advanced high-strength steels, in contrast to other reviews that primarily focus on specific alloy types or HE mechanisms. Finally, future research priorities are identified, including standardized evaluation procedures, testing under real-world service conditions, data standardization, model validation, and the development of safe, durable, hydrogen-compatible metallic materials."
	10.17. 01 Sep 2026, Elsevier Corrosion Science; Improving the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of a 18Cr ferrite-austenite-martensite triplex stainless steel by copper alloying "We investigate the influence of copper alloying on the H2-induced cracking behavior of a ferrite-austenite-martensite triplex stainless steel containing 18 wt.% Cr, by means of the slow strain rate tensile testing with the extensometer, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, thermal desorption spectroscopy, and finite element simulations. TSS samples with Cu contents of 0.02 and 1.94 wt.% were tested in air, both with and without electrochemically pre-charged hydrogen. The results show that the addition of ca. 2 wt.% Cu reduces the elongation loss by approximately 10% in the hydrogen pre-charged condition. Under uniaxial tensile testing, the pre-charged Cu-alloyed steel maintains a comparable work hardening rate before failure. This improvement is attributed to the increased austenite and martensite fractions in the matrix due to Cu addition."
	10.18. 29 Aug 2026, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Effect of gaseous hydrogen on embrittlement of PBF-LB alloy 718: Influence of build orientation and microstructure on mechanical properties "This study reports the effects of build orientation and precipitates on the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of powder bed fusion – laser beam (PBF-LB) alloy 718 for aerospace applications. The material is subjected to hot isostatic pressing then to a modified aerospace heat treatment to minimize delta phase. The horizontal and vertical specimens are tensile tested at room temperature in air and in a 150 bar gaseous H2 environment. In air, horizontal and vertical specimens show similar mechanical properties. In hydrogen, anisotropy was apparent with elongation at fracture of about 6% for horizontal and 17% for vertical specimens. The specimens tested in hydrogen also show a lower reduction of area than those tested in air. The microstructure shows a localized plasticity along grain boundaries, leading to preferential decohesion at precipitates."
	10.19. 23 Aug 2026, Elsevier Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering; Hydrogen-steel interactions in gaseous environments studied by density functional theory "This review focuses on atomic scale simulation of the generation of hydrogen (H) atoms and their adsorption/absorption on iron (Fe) surface by density functional theory, attempting to establish a knowledge base about the H-steel interaction in gaseous environments. It does not delve into the role of H atoms in the cracking process of steels. Under pipeline operating conditions, H atoms can be produced from the dissociative adsorption of hydrogen molecules on steel surface. The reaction tends to occur at designated “active sites” characterized by negative hydrogen adsorption energy and a minimal energy barrier for hydrogen dissociation. These sites include low-index Fe crystalline planes, and metallurgical irregularities such as the emergences of high-angle grain boundaries, dislocations and inclusions on steel surface."
	10.20. 17 Aug 2026, MDPI; Corrosion Resistance and Deuterium Aging Performance of α-Al2O3 Composite Hydrogen Permeation Barrier Coatings "Here, we experimentally investigated the effect of Li4SiO4 corrosion and deuterium aging on the structure and performance of an α-Al2O3 composite H2 permeation barrier coating under simulated fusion conditions. The results demonstrate that this coating could retain its dense and defect-free structure after corrosion with Li4SiO4 powders at 550 °C for 2 days, exhibiting good tritium breeder compatibility. Moreover, after the deuterium aging test for 6 months, its phase composition and microstructure show no significant changes, maintaining a compact and crack-free matrix strongly bonded to the substrate. After 6-month aging, the H2 permeation resistance of the α-Al2O3 composite coating at 500 °C is still 1450 times higher than that of the steel substrate without any aging."

► R11. APP: Space Industry (20)

	11.1. 08 Oct 2026, NASA; In-space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing (ISAM) State of Play "In 2020, NASA awarded four Tipping Point awards to demonstrate cryogenic fluid management, storage, and transfer of LO2 and LH2 in space to support large missions of the future e.g., human lunar missions. In 2024, as part of one of those Tipping Point awards, SpaceX demonstrated the transfer and novel propellant quantity gauging of approximately 10 t of LO2 on board the third demonstration flight of Starship. Eta Space, another Tipping Point awardee, plans to demonstrate cryogenic fluid management through its Liquid Oxygen Satellite (LOXSAT-1) mission. The future of this capability area appears to be heading toward commercial propellant resupply services."
	11.2. 11 Sep 2026, NASA; NASA Interests in Superconducting and Cryogenic Technology "NASA develops and operates technology for a wide range of applications and environments across its aeronautics and space portfolios. This presentation will summarize the applications and environments where superconducting technology and associated cryogenics are contributing to NASA’s missions and areas where there is an opportunity to expand the contribution. Important characteristics of high priority space environments will be discussed. An emphasis will be placed on aircraft propulsion and NASA’s Artemis mission (a Moon to Mars initiative). The discussion of space applications will include takeaways from NASA’s recent rankings of 187 space technology “shortfalls”. The aircraft propulsion application will be described in detail and existing NASA investments will be summarized."
	11.3. 01 Sep 2026, NASA; Scale-Up, Mechanical Evaluation, and Hardware Demonstration of the NASA HR-2 Superalloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Hydrogen-Sensitive Liquid Rocket Engine Applications "NASA Hydrogen Resistant-2 (HR-2) is a γ′-strengthened Ni-Fe-based superalloy developed for additive manufacturing of liquid rocket engine (LRE) components exposed to hydrogen environments. This study advances laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) HR-2 from laboratory-scale material development toward system-relevant hardware demonstration through process scale-up, heat-treatment optimization, fatigue evaluation, hydrogen-environment testing, and fabrication of representative RS-25 turbomachinery components. L-PBF HR-2 demonstrated robust printability with low porosity and a stable processing window, while optimized heat treatment achieved the 95-ksi yield-strength requirement. HR-2 also exhibited excellent cryogenic tensile performance, with simultaneous increases in strength and ductility in liquid hydrogen."
	11.4. 27 Aug 2026, NASA; Polymer Composite Material Testing for a Cryotank Application "In its current state, there does not exist a consolidated, publicly available database for CFRP composite material performance data at cryogenic temperatures. The next step in this work is to test the thermoplastic and thermoset CFRP composites, as well as the neat resins, at LH2 relevant temperature (20 K) to capture this crucial material property data. These results are essential to inform cryotank design and modeling efforts. The process to start this next round of testing has begun. Planned mechanical tests include toughness (single-edge notched beam), tension (unidirectional and quasi-isotropic), thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. The ultimate goal is to manufacture a sub-scale cryotank part that can pass relevant burst, fatigue, permeation, and thermal cycling tests. This work is a part of NASA’s Commercially viable Hydrogen Aircraft for Robust Growth in Efficiency Project under the larger NASA Subsonic Vehicle Technologies and Tools Project."
	11.5. 14 Aug 2026, MDPI; Thermodynamic Research on Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) Refueling Processes: A Review "In this paper, research advances achieved domestically and internationally in recent years are reviewed in detail with respect to thermodynamic issues occurring in the ultra-low-temperature LH2 refueling process. Research achievements concerning the thermodynamics of LH2 refueling are classified, summarized and discussed from the perspectives of theoretical thermodynamic analysis, numerical simulation, experimental investigation and refueling process optimization strategies for LH2 refueling. The heat and mass transfer mechanisms involved in LH2 refueling are revealed, the variation in thermodynamic responses during the refueling process is described, the critical factors affecting the thermodynamic behaviors of LH2 refueling are clarified, the industry standards on LH2 refueling are critically assessed, and various refueling process management strategies are discussed."
	11.6. 11 Aug 2026, NASA; NASA Telescopes Create Colorful ‘Craft’ From Nearby Nebula "Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a small neighbor galaxy to the Milky Way about 160,000 light-years from Earth, the Tarantula has thousands of young stars embedded in a vibrant honeycomb-like structure of gas and dust. The red represents infrared data from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope showing thousands of young stars, plus swaths of cool dust that will provide the ingredients to form new stars and planets. Optical data in the green layer from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope uncovers hydrogen gas that is warmer than seen with Webb, as well as some individual stars through the nebula."
	11.7. 23 Jul 2026, NASA; Crews Move Artemis IV Liquid Hydrogen Tank "Crews at NASA’s Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans transport the 130-foot-tall Artemis IV liquid hydrogen tank out of a production cell inside the main factory building into a detached test building on a separate portion of the 829-acre site on May 15, 2026. The liquid hydrogen tank will form part of the core stage for the SLS (Space Launch System) rocket, providing thousands of gallons of super-cold propellant to one of four RS-25 engines."
	11.8. 12 Jul 2026, NASA; Mass Economy Evaluation for Integrated ECLSS and Propulsion Architecture "ECLSS and propulsion subsystems generally operate independently, despite overlapping requirements and potential areas for synergy. For instance, ECLSS byproducts, water, CO2, and hydrogen, could be repurposed for propulsion, potentially reducing dedicated propellant mass and increasing overall system efficiency. One promising approach is to develop shared-resource architectures that integrate ECLSS with propulsion systems. This study examines the potential of such integration through the Sabatier CO₂ reduction process, focusing on water management as a key factor in system mass trade-offs. The Sabatier reaction produces water and methane from metabolic CO2 and electrolytic hydrogen, partially closing the life support loop and providing methane, which could serve as a propellant."
$Lunar water cycle and hydrogen isotope fractionation driven by solar wind implantation and micrometeorite impacts$	11.9. 27 Jun 2026, Elsevier Earth and Planetary Science Letters; Lunar water cycle and hydrogen isotope fractionation driven by solar wind implantation and micrometeorite impacts "Here, using synergistic simulation experiments, we show that micrometeorite impacts not only enhance the formation of solar wind-derived water through impact-induced mineral damage, but also enable the formed solar wind-derived water to be partially retained within the impact melt. Micrometeorite impacts also induce significant hydrogen isotope fractionation, resulting in the preferential retention of isotopically lighter water within the melt, while leaving the residual water isotopically heavier in the region surrounding the impact area due to thermally driven escape and estimate that H₂O released from minerals can migrate across the surface."
	11.10. 12 Jun 2026, Nature NPJ Space Exploration; Serpentinization-driven redox disequilibria in the Jezero Paleolake as a potential energy source for primitive life on early Mars "In this paper, we present a quantitative constraint on the potential for a sustained chemoautotrophic ecosystem within the Jezero paleolake generated by serpentinization of the Seitah. We evaluate whether the shallow-water, low-temperature, and low CO2 fugacity environment within Jezero waters minimized quenching. We use data from Perseverance to estimate H₂ generation, model the persistence of H₂–CO₂ disequilibrium under Jezero-like conditions, calculate the chemical affinity (available energy) of redox reactions, and, finally, estimate the potential biomass that could be supported by available redox energy. Our analysis adopts a physically plausible scenario for Jezero based on mineralogical observations by the rover and inferred paleoenvironment conditions."
	11.11. 06 Jun 2026, Elsevier Journal of Materials Research and Technology; Effects of hydrogen and microstructure on tensile property and failure of base metal and friction stir processing region in aluminum alloy friction stir welding joint "In this study, the tensile properties and hydrogen embrittlement failure of the base metal and friction stir processing region in 2219 aluminum alloy friction stir welding joints used for rocket fuel tanks were investigated, with a particular focus on hydrogen and microstructural effects. A series of tensile tests were conducted on the base metal and friction stir processing region, with and without hydrogen charging, and the associated deformation and failure processes were analyzed. Hydrogen reduced the yield and ultimate tensile strengths of both metals via a hydrogen-enhanced local plasticity mechanism, with more pronounced effects in the base metal. The high density of θ' precipitates in the virgin base metal served as preferential sites for hydrogen atom segregation and dislocation pile-ups, which synergistically promoted crack initiation and caused a severe reduction in strength."
	11.12. 08 May 2026, NASA; NASA Fuel Cell Tests Pave Way for Energy Storage on Moon "NASA’s Regenerative Fuel Cell project is funded by the Space Technology Mission Directorate’s Game Changing Development Program, managed at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The system, about as long as a sedan and as tall as a person, operates like a rechargeable battery and could revolutionize the way NASA stores energy during future Moon missions through the Artemis program. When power is needed, it’s designed to combine hydrogen and oxygen gas into water, heat, and electricity, and then “recharge” by splitting the water back into hydrogen and oxygen — all on the lunar surface."
	11.13. 20 Apr 2026, Boeing; Artemis III moon rocket rolls out of factory onto barge "Boeing successfully rolled out what’s called the “Top Four-Fifths” of the core stage for the Artemis III moon rocket from the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Top Four-Fifths of the core stage consists of the forward skirt, intertank, liquid oxygen tank and liquid hydrogen tank all joined together, but missing the engine section. This is the first time Boeing’s Space Launch System program has shipped a core stage without its engine section, a change aimed at accelerating production for future Artemis missions."
	11.14. 07 Apr 2026, NASA; NASA’s Artemis II Crew Beams Official Moon Flyby Photos to Earth "The first flyby images of the Moon captured by NASA’s Artemis II astronauts during their historic test flight reveal some regions no human has seen, including a rare in-space solar eclipse. Released Tuesday, astronauts captured the images April 6 during the mission’s seven-hour flyby of the lunar far side, showing humanity’s return to the Moon’s vicinity and opening a trove of scientific data."
	11.15. 24 Mar 2026, Elsevier Case Studies in Thermal Engineering; Regenerative Cooling for Hydrogen Rocket Engine: Fundamental Design and Thermal Analysis "This study presents a coupled one-dimensional and two-dimensional conjugate heat transfer (CHT) framework for the design and analysis of regenerative cooling systems in a 10 kN-class nuclear thermal propulsion engine using supercritical hydrogen. Unlike chemical propulsion systems, nuclear thermal propulsion engines employ pure hydrogen as both propellant and coolant, making empirical correlations such as the Bartz equation unreliable. This study employs a two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solver for the hot-gas-side with a quasi-one-dimensional solver for the coolant-side, accounting for fin efficiency, variable thermal conductivity, and pressure losses."
	11.16. 18 Mar 2026, NASA NTRS; Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of LP-DED NASA HR-1 – A Hydrogen Resistant AM Superalloy for Space Propulsion Applications "The overall goal is to improve the understanding of how heat treatment affects the microstructure and mechanical performance of LP-DED NASA HR-1. This paper presents heat treatment design considerations, microstructural characterization, mechanical testing – including tensile and LCF testing in both air and hydrogen environments."
	11.17. 28 Feb 2026, Hypersonix; MISSION SUCCESS: Australian Hypersonic (H2) Pioneer Achieves First Flight "The flight was conducted under the US Department of War’s Defense Innovation Unit. Hypersonic flight refers to speeds above Mach 5, more than five times the speed of sound. Hypersonix is developing a new class of autonomous hypersonic aircraft capable of sustained flight up to Mach 12. Its flagship DART AE is a 3.5-metre autonomous hypersonic aircraft designed to validate propulsion, materials, sensors and guidance systems in real hypersonic flight conditions. During the mission, HASTE carried DART AE to the planned deployment point in the upper atmosphere."
	11.18. 19 Feb 2026, NASA; NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test "During the test, teams closely monitored liquid hydrogen fueling operations, which proved challenging during previous tests. Hydrogen gas concentrations remained under allowable limits, giving engineers confidence in new seals installed in an interface used to route fuel to the rocket. Early in fueling operations, teams experienced a loss of ground communications in the Launch Control Center. Operators temporarily moved to backup communication methods to maintain safe propellant loading activities before normal communications channels were restored. Engineers isolated the equipment that caused the issue."
	11.19. 03 Feb 2026, Nature Communications Earth & Environment; Out-of-season water escape during Mars' northern summer triggered by a strong localized dust storm "Our findings show that a strong, localized, and short-lived dust storm in Martian Year 37 (August 2023) drove considerable vertical transport of water vapor in the northern summer season. Just days after the storm, enhanced water vapor concentrations were observed at altitudes over 40 km across northern high latitudes, followed by an increase in escaping hydrogen detected at the exobase. These results suggest that water loss on Mars can be triggered by strong local dust storms at any time of year."
	11.20. 13 Jan 2026, ArXiv Earth and Planetary Astrophysics; Direct detection of hydrogen reveals a new macroscopic crustal water reservoir on early Mars "Because the distribution and nature of hydrous phases are central to understanding the habitability, the climatic and geological evolution, and potential biosignatures of Mars, identifying hydrogenbearing phases in Martian crustal rocks is of particular importance. Using the only Martian crustal material available on Earth, the NWA 7034 meteorite and its pairs, we show that combined neutron and X-ray computed tomography enables non-destructive sample-wide mapping of hydrogen and reveals the distribution and petrographic contexts of hydrous phases."

► R12. Global Research Nodes (113)

	12.1. AT - HyCentA, Hydrogen Research Centre Austria HyCentA Research GmbH is the only extra-university research institution in Austria exclusively dedicated to research and development on green hydrogen technologies. We conduct joint projects with leading companies and scientific partners on the production, distribution, storage and application of renewable hydrogen.
	12.2. AU - Australian Hydrogen Research Network (AHRN) A community of researchers and interested stakeholders supporting the emerging hydrogen industry in Australia. We foster excellence in hydrogen-related research through an ongoing program of seminars and knowledge-sharing activities.
	12.3. AU - Australian National University (ANU) Publications on aspects of the Hydrogen economy transition.
	12.4. AU - Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) The Knowledge Bank is an open-source library of reports, studies, multimedia and tools that provide guidance and learnings to benefit future renewable hydrogen energy projects.
	12.5. AU - Central Queensland University Centre for Hydrogen and Renewable Energy (CQUniversity CHRE) CHRE was developed to provide world-class research, training and support to the emerging hydrogen and renewable energy industries in Central Queensland. Our vision is to cultivate world-class expertise to empower our industry partners and new industry clients as they embrace the transition to hydrogen and other clean energy.
	12.6. AU - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publications from CSIRO on Hydrogen Fuel Cell research and development of renewable energy solutions. Hydrogen Knowledge Centre
	12.7. AU - Deakin University Hydrogen Hub The Deakin Hydrogen Hub is an Australia-leading hydrogen research, testing, validation and training facility providing bespoke hydrogen infrastructure and equipment. Located at Deakin’s Warrnambool Campus in Victoria’s south west, the hub has a wide range of equipment, facilities and capabilities targeted at achieving zero carbon.
	12.8. AU - Geoscience Australia / Monash University - Hydrogen Economic Fairways Tool (HEFT) HEFT was developed by Geoscience Australia in collaboration with Monash University & is based on an open-source economic model that maps the economic viability of H2 production opportunities across Australia.
	12.9. AU - Monash University - Monash Hydrogen Energy Research Node The Monash Hydrogen Energy Node aims to assemble skills and knowledge across the hydrogen value chain to tackle complex, systems-level challenges across technological, economical, socio-political and legal dimensions.
	12.10. AU - Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) Publications from the RMIT Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Laboratory (SHEL) that pioneers research and development on hydrogen energy solutions.
	12.11. AU - Swinburne Institute of Technology / Victorian Hydrogen Hub Led by Swinburne University of Technology in partnership with CSIRO and Germany’s ARENA2036 factory, the Victorian Hydrogen Hub (VH2) brings together researchers, industry partners and business to drive the implementation of the hydrogen economy.
	12.12. AU - University of Adelaide Institute for Sustainability, Energy and Resources Hydrogen Research ISER's Hydrogen Research specialists offer a diverse scope of expertise to support the latest advancements in this fast-moving field of global green energy.
	12.13. AU - University of Melbourne, Department of Chemical Engineering - Library Green hydrogen production is a pivotal solution in the transition towards sustainable energy systems due to its potential to store and deliver renewable energy in a versatile, clean form. Producing hydrogen through water electrolysis, where electricity from renewable energies splits water into hydrogen and oxygen, offers a zero-carbon emission pathway critical for decarbonizing various industrial sectors and transport systems. However, the widespread adoption of green hydrogen is currently hindered by two primary challenges: high production costs and the need for efficient electrocatalysts.
	12.14. AU - University of NSW Hydrogen storage and battery technology group Research focuses on fabrication and storage optimization of a novel porous solid-state hydrogen storage material in fuel cell integrated systems to reduce the hydrogen storage pressure to only 10MPa, six times less than current market technology.
	12.15. AU - University of Queensland - Dow Centre Green Hydrogen Production UQ Dow Centre research includes Sustainable production of green hydrogen from wastewater and Co-production of hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone from water/wastewater.
	12.16. AU - University of Sydney, Merlin Energy Research Group At Merlin, we have developed practical technologies that allow large amounts of hydrogen to be safely stored in small volumes within certain materials such as metal hydrides.
	12.17. CA - Canada National Research Centre Advanced Clean Energy program: Hydrogen The hydrogen pillar of the NRC's Advanced Clean Energy program develops technologies with collaborators to produce, distribute and use zero-greenhouse-gas emissions hydrogen. The program enables a new generation of zero-carbon fuels and applications, to allow Canada to meet its 2050 net-zero emission targets and diversify Canada's future energy mix, particularly in hard-to-abate sectors.
	12.18. CA - University of Alberta - Hydrogen UoA Future Energy Systems funds researchers to develop new energy technologies and integrate them into our current infrastructure. With intensive support, our researchers are mitigating the environmental impacts of current and future energy systems, and better understanding the influence of energy transition on our environment, economy and society.
	12.19. CA - Universite du Quebec - Hydrogen Research Institute The HRI's mission is to accelerate the energy transition by mobilizing integrated multidisciplinary expertise, ranging from fundamental sciences to applied sciences and engineering, in order to generate breakthrough innovations in advanced materials and energy technologies.
	12.20. CH - ETH Zurich Electrochemistry Research is focused on the development and in-depth understanding of materials, processes and devices for the conversion of renewable energy into electricity or chemical energy carriers. Especially in the context of a sustainable energy system utilizing hydrogen as an energy carrier its electrochemical energy conversion is of particular importance.
	12.21. CH - Frontiers Frontiers is the 3rd most-cited and 6th largest research publisher and open science platform. Our research journals are community-driven and peer-reviewed by editorial boards of more than 260,000 top researchers.
	12.22. CH - MDPI Hydrogen Journal MDPI has supported academic communities since 1996. Based in Basel, Switzerland, MDPI has the mission to foster open scientific exchange in all forms, across all disciplines.
	12.23. CH - The Paul Scherrer Institute PSI PSI designs, develops, constructs and operates large-scale and complex world-class research facilities and places them at the disposal of the Swiss and international research community. PSI's own research is concentrated on areas in which experiments on these large research facilities offer particular advantages. This ensures a competitive edge for PSI researchers, because they can use their own in-house facilities for their studies.
	12.24. CN - Beijing Institute of Technology The Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT) is actively researching and developing hydrogen technology, including hydrogen internal combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cell technology, with a focus on both military and civilian applications.
	12.25. CN - Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) DICP Chinese Academy of Sciences has established a long track record of major academic and industrial accomplishments in catalytic chemistry, chemical engineering, chemical lasers, molecular reaction dynamics, organic chemistry, modern analytical chemistry and biotechnology.
	12.26. CN - Tsinghau University, Green Hydrogen Technology and Applied Research Center (TU) TU is committed to the research and application of key technologies for high-quality and sustainable development of green hydrogen industry, focusing on key orientations such as the development of electrochemical energy materials & devices, hydrogen energy system conversion, development of multi-energy terminal IOT technology and green hydrogen technology & application, conducting key technical research & services centering on the development & application of materials, devices, systems and engineering of the coupling between renewable energy and hydrogen energy, and promoting the deep coupling and sustainable development of renewable energy and hydrogen energy.
	12.27. DE - DLR DLR is active in all areas of hydrogen research and along the entire process chain – from production to storage and use. With the experience gained over several decades, its researchers are working to make it widely usable.
	12.28. DE - Fraunhofer ISE For over 30 years, we have been supporting the development of climate-neutral industrial processes and sustainable mobility with the development of hydrogen technologies.
	12.29. DE - Hyfindr Publications on hydrogen system components, materials and other hydrogen related equipment.
	12.30. DE - Institute for a sustainable Hydrogen Economy, IHE IHE at Forschungszentrum Jülich forms the core of the Helmholtz Cluster for a Sustainable and Infrastructure-Compatible Hydrogen Economy, one of the largest structural change projects in Germany. IHE conducts basic research in the field of hydrogen storage and transport. The focus is on technologies for chemical hydrogen storage using liquid or easily liquefiable hydrogen carriers that can be handled in a similar way to conventional fossil fuels.
	12.31. DE - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT About 1500 researchers of KIT are working on a reliable, secure, and sustainable energy system for future climate-neutral society. At one of the biggest energy research centers in Europe, they tackle a project that is of fundamental importance to the existence and further development of our society: The transformation of our energy system. Interdisciplinary work within research and engineering projects is dedicated to physical and virtual infrastructures, new technologies, and to extending basic knowledge on all energy sources needed by our industry, households, services, and mobility.
	12.32. DE - Max Planck Institute The Max Planck Society is committed to contributing to a future worth living in, both through its research and its practical actions. It wants to be a role model for how research can be conducted responsibly, sustainably and in a climate-friendly manner.
	12.33. DE - Springer Nature Springer Nature works closely with a large global community of academic researchers and educators who, through their work, want to disseminate their ideas, solve problems and leave the world better than they found it.
	12.34. DE - Technical University Munich Institute of Sustainable Mobile Powertrains, At TUM we research technical solutions for the sustainable use of energy in mobility as a contribution to a future worth living. For this, we look at the entire range of drive systems, from internal combustion engines operated with climate-neutral fuels to electric powertrains and hydrogen fuel cells.
	12.35. DK - Aalborg University, Denmark, AAU Research Hydrogen and Electro-fuels research group The Hydrogen and Electro-fuels research group focuses on the entire hydrogen and electro-fuel value chain, from production to utilization. We develop hydrogen technologies with industry, focusing on electrochemical and thermochemical reactors, from micro to application scale.
	12.36. DK - DTU Orbit, Denmark, DTU Orbit is the official research database of the Technical University of Denmark, DTU, provided by DTU Library. DTU Orbit provides an overview of research output, i.e. publications, to which DTU employees have contributed.
	12.37. ES - Spanish National Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Testing Centre (CNH2) CNH2 is equipped with 13 laboratories and 5 additional facilities that carry out their activities in the following areas: Hydrogen production, Storage and distribution of hydrogen, Hydrogen transformation, Hydrogen technology applications, Regulation, certification and safety guidelines, and Technology implementation.
	12.38. ES - Specific Centre for Hydrogen Research of the UPC (CERH2) The CERH2 mission is the decarbonization of the energy system through the hydrogen energy vector at the following levels: Research on hydrogen processes and systems. Development of new technologies and solutions for hydrogen powered systems, Technology transfer to society and in particular to companies in the field, and Implementation of pilot plants. The CER-H2 aims to carry out a differentiated and relevant R+D+I (Research, Development and Innovation) around the hydrogen vector, within an environment of creativity and innovation of scientific, technological and professional knowledge.
	12.39. EU - European Hydrogen Observatory (EHO) EHO is an initiative by the Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking, the European Hydrogen Observatory (former Fuel Cells & Hydrogen Observatory) is an open platform providing data and up-to-date information about the European hydrogen sector.
	12.40. EU - European Space Agency (ESA) ESA is Europe’s gateway to space. Its mission is to shape the development of Europe’s space capability and ensure that investment in space continues to deliver benefits to the citizens of Europe and the world.
	12.41. EU - Hydrogen Europe Research Publications from the European scientific community involved in the development of a new, industrial ecosystem based on hydrogen and committed to moving towards a circular, carbon-neutral economy.
	12.42. EU - Joint Research Centre Publications Repository The JRC Publications Repository is the public access to all publications of the Joint Research Centre. It offers access to state-of-the-art science performed by the JRC to the wider scientific community, with full-text and open access. It is updated on a daily basis, including most recent outputs.
	12.43. EU - Zenodo In support of its research programme CERN has developed tools for Big Data management and extended Digital Library capabilities for Open Data. Through Zenodo these Big Science tools could be effectively shared with the long-tail of research..
	12.44. FI - Aalto University H2 Innovation Center Hydrogen open source search on technical materials relating to hydrogen evolution, storage, distribution, and fuel cells.
	12.45. FI - Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) At CREA we use scientific data, research and evidence to support the efforts of governments, companies and campaigning organisations worldwide in their efforts to move towards clean energy and clean air.
	12.46. FI - University of Helsinki Hydrogen Hub We are addressing current and future challenges in the green hydrogen economy. Our Hub encompasses the Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Geosciences and Geography.
	12.47. FR - CEA-Liten CEA-Liten research is guided by energy efficiency and the circular economy, addresses the pillars of the energy transition: solar energy, batteries, hydrogen, and sustainable chemicals and fuels.
	12.48. FR - French National Research Network on Hydrogen Energy The French National Research Network on Hydrogen Energy (FRH2) brings together 30 laboratories with 300 well known researchers (CNRS researchers, faculty members and engineers) actively involved in the hydrogen sector.
	12.49. FR - IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Hydrogen IFPEN is a major player in research and training in the fields of energy, transport and the environment. From scientific concepts in fundamental research to technological solutions in applied research. IFPEN is active in the production, storage, transport and various energy uses of decarbonized H2, thereby supporting the development of the associated industrial sector.
	12.50. IN - Centre for Fuel Cell Technology, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials The major objective of the Centre is to develop Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), one of the low temperature fuel cells, in its entireness and demonstrate its application in Decentralised power generation systems and transportation applications. The work includes several aspects of materials development, stack design & engineering, balance of system development, system design and engineering and carrying out field trials.
	12.51. INT - International Energy Agency Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Programme IEA Hydrogen TCP accelerates the development and deployment of safe, sustainable hydrogen technologies worldwide. Our vision is a future where clean, affordable hydrogen plays a key role across all sectors of the global energy system. By coordinating multinational research, development, and demonstration activities, the Hydrogen TCP fosters innovation, drives knowledge exchange, and enables impactful solutions to support decarbonization, energy security, and economic growth.
	12.52. INT - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy A central vehicle for the exchange and dissemination of new ideas, technology developments and research results in the field of Hydrogen Energy between scientists and engineers throughout the world.
	12.53. JP - Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology, Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, Hydrogen Energy Carrier Team Developing technologies for storing and utilizing large amounts of renewable energy that will help solve several energy issues facing Japan.
	12.54. JP - Kyushu University, International Research Center for Hydrogen Energy Kyushu University aims to become an institution that "drives social change with integrative knowledge". In November 2021 we were selected as a Designated National University Corporation and our aim is to be an institution oﬀering the highest global standards of education and research, so that we can contribute to designing the ideal society of the future and solving societal issues.
	12.55. JP - School of Science The University of Tokyo (UTokyo) The central mission of the School of Science is to conduct education and research in order to understand further the truths of nature, to expand and develop the frontiers of knowledge, and to hand down such knowledge to future generations.
	12.56. JP - Tokyo University of Science (TUS) The Mission of the Tokyo University of Science is to educate people who have the ability to contribute to society. Researchers from TUS have developed a novel hydrogen evolution catalyst, bis(diimino)palladium coordination nanosheets, that offers platinum-like efficiency at a fraction of the cost.
	12.57. JP - University of Yamanashi, Clean Energy Research Center, Division of Fuel Cell Research The Division of Fuel Cell Research has been promoting fundamental research striving for higher performance and practical uses of polymer electrolyte fuel cells for automobiles, household use, and portable devices. Comprehensive studies, such as new materials, reaction analysis and system evaluations, have been developing. In addition, polymer electrolyte water electrolyzers using proton or anion conductive membranes have been investigated.
	12.58. KR - Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, KAIST Visit the KAIST Research Portal, Pure, to explore research profiles and detailed research performances of KAIST faculty members. Powered by the Scopus database, Pure provides integrated access to comprehensive research information across the university.
	12.59. KR - Korea Institute of Energy Research Future Energy Research Division conducts researches on H2 generation, storage, transportation, and utilization to realize a future energy society, focusing on the development of fuel cell technologies represented by generation, storage, and use of H2, an eco-friendly source of energy with economic benefits obtained by coal fuels and water.
	12.60. MY - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - Centre of Hydrogen Energy (CHE), CHE vision is to be a leading institute for R & D and innovation in H2 related technologies and to develop and deploy H2 related technologies into the market with the relevant human capital.
	12.61. NL - TU Delft hydrogen Platform The goal of the TU Delft hydrogen Platform is to bring together the researchers, research infrastructure and formulate common research questions. The hydrogen Platform facilities the researcher in the field with acquiring the necessary funds for their research. We aim for a recognizable role of TU Delft in the energy transition as a Hydrogen-Accelerator..
	12.62. NL - Elsevier ScienceDirect From foundational science to new and novel research, discover our large collection of Physical Sciences and Engineering publications, covering a range of disciplines, from the theoretical to the applied.
	12.63. NL - Elsevier ScienceDirect Journal of Green Technologies and Sustainability This Journal encourages and promotes interdisciplinary research and development to important technological and theoretical developments in greentech and sustainability issues.
	12.64. NL - TNO: Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research Overall aim is to develop and promote hydrogen technology with Dutch companies, cooperating parties including TNO have set clear goals in the HyScaling project. One of those goals is the need for electrolysers with better performance to produce green hydrogen.
	12.65. NO - IFE Hynor The IFE Hynor laboratories offer the possibility to perfrom research on water electrolysis and fuel cell stacks and systems. In addition to do experiments on the reforming of methane (CH4) rich gases to hydrogen with an integrated process for CO2-capture using a sorption enhanced reforming pilot plant.
	12.66. NO - Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU NTNU Team Hydrogen is a team of world experts on hydrogen energy and is the largest hydrogen R&D cluster in Scandinavia. The team consists of professors and researchers from different disciplines, departments and faculties across NTNU that works within the Hydrogen R&D value chain.
	12.67. NO - SINTEF Research Area Hydrogen SINTEF conducts research into important areas within the clean hydrogen value chain from production to transport, storage and end use. Knowledge of these areas provides Norway with a golden opportunity to develop new green industry that the world will need in order to beat the climate crisis.
	12.68. SA - Hydrogen South Africa, HySA HySA comprises three Centers of Competence: HySA Infrastructure, HySA Systems, and HySA Catalysis, each focusing on different aspects of the hydrogen value chain. The programme aims to position South Africa as a key player in the global hydrogen economy and contribute to the country's energy security and industrial development.
	12.69. SE - Luleå University of Technology - Centre for Hydrogen Energy Systems Sweden (CH2ESS) CH2ESS is a research and knowledge initiative at Luleå University of Technology with a focus on hydrogen use in industrial processes and energy systems, in close collaboration with Swedish industry.
	12.70. SG - Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Energy Storage, Hydrogen & Fuel Cells The team focuses its research efforts in hydrogen generation, storage and transport, and end-uses. Key areas include Advanced materials and catalysts, System, market and feasibility analysis, and Technology verification to support the research efforts.
	12.71. SG - National University of Singapore - Centre for Hydrogen and Carbon Innovations Research site focus promotes cutting-edge R&D advancements in H2 production, storage, and utilization; and fosters collaborations with industries, academia, and agencies to drive Hydrogen & Carbon innovations.
	12.72. TW - Taiwan Hydrogen Cluster Empowering Hydrogen Innovation - Leading the Charge Towards a Sustainable Hydrogen Future in Taiwan. The Center’s research spans the full hydrogen value chain — from production, storage, and utilization to energy system integration, safety, and public engagement.
	12.73. UK - Geological Society Publications - Lyell Collection Research site search "hydrogen" - the Lyell Collection represents one of the largest integrated collections of online Earth Science literature available.
	12.74. UK - IGEM, Hydrogen Knowledge Centre The Hydrogen Knowledge Centre is a digital repository of research and resources, designed to support those interested in advancing their understanding of hydrogen including the latest technical and policy developments both nationally and internationally.
	12.75. UK - Imperial College London Centre for Energy Policy and Technology ICEPT provides internationally recognised interdisciplinary research, consultancy and postgraduate training. ICEPT works at the interface between technology and policy to provide objective research, analysis and policy advice to governments, industry, NGOs, international organisations and other stakeholders..
	12.76. UK - Royal Sociaety of Chemistry RSC develop, recognise and celebrate professional capabilities. We bring people together to spark new ideas and new partnerships. Noting Hydrogen is an essential element for life. It is present in water and in almost all the molecules in living things.
	12.77. UK - TheIET.ORG The Institution of Engineering and Technology Wiley - Search "hydrogen" => research developments -> we inspire, inform and influence the global engineering and technology community to engineer a better world.
	12.78. UK - Science X / PHYS.ORG Search "hydrogen + energy" => Daily science news on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations.
	12.79. UK - University of Birmingham Birmingham Centre for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Research - The Centre focuses on research and development, applications and demonstrations of fuel cell and hydrogen systems and technologies.
	12.80. UK - University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge, are developing low-cost light-harvesting semiconductors that power devices for converting water into clean hydrogen fuel.
	12.81. UK - University College London, Electrochemical Innovation Lab Based in the Department of Chemical Engineering, the Electrochemical Innovation Lab is a centre for accelerating impact, innovation, enterprise and research in electrochemical engineering.
	12.82. UK - University of Oxford Imagine a clean, abundant energy source trapped beneath our feet, one that could significantly advance the journey to net-zero carbon emissions. Natural hydrogen, long overlooked as a viable energy resource, is emerging as one of the most exciting frontiers in sustainable energy — and Oxford University is positioned firmly at the forefront of this global pursuit.
	12.83. US - American Chemical Society (ACS) pubs.acs.org ACS Publications’ commitment to publishing high-quality content continues to attract impactful research that addresses the world’s most important challenges.
	12.84. US - Argonne National Laboratory, Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Storage System Modeling Our fuel cell research extends from nanometer scale to components and systems, and are focused on performance, durability, and cost. We are collaborating with other groups at Argonne to characterize the microstructure of electrodes at the Advanced Photon Source; develop methods to refine the microstructure by combining data from other techniques.
	12.85. US - Caltech, Xiang Research Group Xiang's research team, as part of the DOE HydroGEN Benchmarking project, is working on Protocols and Best Practice documents on advanced water-splitting technologies, including high/low temperature electrolysis, photoelectrochemical and solar thermochemical waters splitting.
	12.86. US - Cell Press We innovate to enhance discoverability, put research in context, and make it more actionable. Global visibility ensures that important research is read, used, and talked about. Engagement in the community and advocacy supports the value of science.
	12.87. US - Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) DTIC's mission is " to ensure the innovation and knowledge stemming from DoD’s past and current investment in science and technology forms the building blocks for the next generation of discovery and accelerates capability to the warfighter.
	12.88. US - University of Cornwell: ArXiv ArXiv is a free distribution service and an open-access archive for nearly 2.4 million scholarly articles in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, statistics, electrical engineering and systems science, and economics.
	12.89. US - Los Alamos National Laboratory Fuel Cell Technology: LANL Fuel cells were pioneered in the US with early applications related to space missions. In those early days, Los Alamos had expertise in H2 as an energy source through its involvement in Project Rover. This capability was leveraged when DOE awarded the first Fuel Cells for Transportation program to Los Alamos in 1977, eventually leading to what is now the DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office. Los Alamos has contributed to innovations in cost-effective catalysts and electrodes, advanced materials for improved durability of systems, better operating strategies, and proving understanding impurities that inhibit fuel cell performance.
	12.90. US - IEEE ieee.org IEEE is the world’s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.
	12.91. US - Mendeley.com Search "hydrogen + energy" => Year/Document Type/Journal/Author/Access Type/Most relevant/Most recent/Most cited science articles on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations.
	12.92. US - MIT H2 The research capabilities at HyTEC range from a wide variety of experimental and modeling areas associated with hydrogen. We have partnered with world-leading industries and organizations to advance the science and develop new technologies necessary to improve efficiency, reduce cost, and improve the safety of hydrogen production, liquefaction, storage and transportation.
	12.93. US - Nature.com Search "hydrogen + evolution + reaction + HER" for wide variety of journal articles on researched developments, technological breakthroughs and latest innovations.
	12.94. US - National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) NREL's research accelerates development, integration, and scale up of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to enable widespread deployment across multiple energy sectors.
	12.95. US - Naval Postgraduate School Energy Academic Group (EAG) Energy Academic Group maintains the Naval Postgraduate School as a Navy center of excellence for energy graduate education and research. Our efforts focus on solving the Navy, Marine Corps, and Department of Defense’s most critical energy problems through graduate education and research. To that end, EAG employs a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach using the basic sciences, engineering, operations and analysis, and business methods.
	12.96. US - Northwestern University Northwestern is a comprehensive research university that is deeply interdisciplinary across multiple schools and units. Our rigorous yet empathetic academic environment provides a robust mixture of theory and practice, with an emphasis on top-tier research, new knowledge, creative expression and practical application.
	12.97. US - NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) NTRS provides access to NASA metadata records, full-text online documents, images, and videos. The types of information included are conference papers, journal articles, meeting papers, patents, research reports, images, movies, and technical videos – scientific and technical information created or funded by NASA.
	12.98. US - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Technical information about hydrogen published in technical reports, conference proceedings, journal articles, and websites is provided, across categories: General, Production, Delivery, and Storage.
	12.99. US - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL PNNL advances the frontiers of knowledge, taking on some of the world’s greatest science and technology challenges. Distinctive strengths in chemistry, Earth sciences, biology, and data science are central to our scientific discovery mission. Our research lays a foundation for innovations that advance energy resilience through grid modernization and energy storage. It also enhances national security through nuclear materials and threat analyses. PNNL collaborates with academia in fundamental research and with industry to transition technologies to market.
	12.100. US - Proceedings of the National Academv of Sciences, PNAS PNAS is one of the world's most-cited and comprehensive multidisciplinary scientific journals, publishing more than 3,500 research papers annually.
	12.101. US - Sandia National Laboratories, SNL Sandia National Laboratories is operated and managed by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc.
	12.102. US - SCIENCE.ORG Advancing science, engineering and innovation throughout the world for the benefit of all.
	12.103. US - Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego works to understand and protect the planet and find solutions to our most pressing environmental challenges. The value to EARTH of the Keeling Curve, by Ralph Keeling, The Economist, 30 Jul 2025
	12.104. US - Social Sciences Research Network (SSRN) The Energy Research Network on SSRN is an open access preprint server that provides a venue for authors to showcase their research papers in our digital library, speeding up the dissemination and providing the scholarly community access to groundbreaking working papers and early-stage research.
	12.105. US - University of California Berkley - College of Chemistry A University of California, Berkeley chemist has engineered a new technology that could make hydrogen-producing fuel cells last longer and hasten the arrival of cost-competitive, eco-friendly versions of the fuel source.
	12.106. US - University of Michigan - MI Hydrogen A joint venture by the Office of the Vice President for Research, Michigan Engineering and the School for Environment and Sustainability.
	12.107. US - Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) SwRI develops applied R&D solutions with hydrogen technology used in rockets, alternative combustion, fuel cells, energy storage, and industrial processing plants.
	12.108. US - University of Maryland (UMD) Faculty at UMD are engaged in many aspects of fuel cell R&D including: Microbial fuel cells - a bio-electrochemical system that uses bacteria as the catalyst to oxidize organic and inorganic matter, and consequently, generate electric current. Applications include power generation systems, bio-recovery, & waste-water treatment. Polymer electrolyte membrane Fuel Cells - deliver high power density and offer the advantages of low weight and volume compared with other fuel cells. PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer as an electrolyte and porous carbon electrodes containing a platinum or platinum alloy catalyst. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - use a hard, non-porous ceramic compound as the electrolyte. SOFCs operate at very high temperatures which removes the need for precious-metal catalyst, thereby reducing cost.
	12.109. US - University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing Publications includes a number of specific areas of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells research related to fundamental knowledge, technical applications, and integrated systems.
	12.110. US - University of Stanford - Hydrogen Initiative The Stanford Hydrogen Initiative is a collaboration of researchers at Stanford University in engineering, science, policy, and business, working with industry, thought leaders and governments to enable the use of hydrogen to achieve deep decarbonization of the world's energy systems.
	12.111. US - University of Texas (UT) Feautured publications and White Papers on Blue Hydrogen, Green H2 economy, H2 infrastructure, and achieving NET ZERO by 2050.
	12.112. US - Washington State University (WSU) Across 10 colleges and 6 campuses throughout Washington state and the world, WSU researchers untangle complex problems, make discoveries, and create innovations and partnerships that enrich life for us all.
	12.113. US - Wiley Advanced The Advanced Portfolio from Wiley is a family of globally respected, high-impact journals that disseminates the best science from well-established and emerging researchers so they can fulfill their mission and maximize the reach of their scientific discoveries.

HYDROGEN ENERGY RESEARCH
Produced by Robert Cole Basford

H₂ Energy Research

UNSW Alumnus

H2.Hydrogen Magenta

Open-source Technology for Sustainable Opportunities, today presents:

Production R1.1 - R5.1

R1. PROD: Alkaline / AEM / PEM Electrolysis (1/20)

1.1. 18 Oct 2026, Elsevier Energy Conversion and Management; Experimental estimation of gas saturation from voltage fluctuations in a PEM water electrolysis stack under static tilt and dynamic roll motion,

R2. PROD: Bio / Hydro, Pyro, Radiolysis / Solar (1/20)

2.1. 19 Oct 2026, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering; Hydrogen Production from Zero-Valent Iron in Anaerobic Bicarbonate-Rich Media: The Role of Low-Dose Scrap Aluminum

R3. PROD: Geologic / Natural Hydrogen (1/20)

3.1. 18 Oct 2026, Nature Scientific Reports; Interfacial control and evaporation pinning of nanocapillary filling from ambient to serpentinization temperatures,

R4. FUEL CELL: AEMFC / MCFC / SOFC (1/20)

4.1. 16 Oct 2026, MDPI; Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of an Automotive PEMFC System Considering Anode Recirculation Loop Bleeding,

R5. STORE: Type IV-V / MH / LH2 / LOHC / Geo (1/20)

5.1. 16 Oct 2026, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Geochemical responses of mineral powder materials and natural rock cores to H2-water exposure in underground hydrogen storage,

Applied Engineering R6.1 - R11.1

R6. APP: Automotive / Rail Industry (1/20)

6.1. 08 Oct 2026, BMW; BMW X5 is the first BMW model engineered to support five drive systems, including hydrogen,

R7. APP: Aviation / UAS Industry (1/20)

7.1. 08 Oct 2026, Elsevier Fuel; Mission-level H2 consumption modeling of a retrofitted Cessna 208B using ADS-B derived flight profiles

R8. APP: Defence / Military Industry (1/20)

8.1. 07 Oct 2026, Skyeton; Skyeton Unveils Stormbird UAS: A Tactical Strike Platform / Hydrogen-Powered Hybrid Raybird UAV Completes Combat Missions in Ukraine

R9. APP: Marine / Maritime Industry (1/20)

9.1. 12 Oct 2026, Fraunhofer IMM; Fraunhofer IMM to showcase diesel reformer for maritime power generation - Hydrogen supply at the point of use

R10. APP: Sustainable Metallurgy Industry (1/20)

10.1. 18 Oct 2026, MDPI; Exposure-History-Dependent Hydrogen Retention and Release in 100Cr6 Steel and Their Implications for Bearing Design

R11. APP: Space Industry (1/20)

11.1. 08 Oct 2026, NASA; In-space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing (ISAM) State of Play

Global Research Node - R12.103

R12. Global Research Node (103/113)

12.103. 19 Oct 2026, Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, The Keeling Curve

Latest R1 - R12: 333 URLs

H2 Energy Research